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Imperial China 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Were the Tang and Song dynasties Golden Ages in China?

A

Signs of a Golden Age: Relative peace

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2
Q

Who was the first Tang emperor?

A

Tang Gaozu

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3
Q

What is a tributary state?

A

A territory that has to give tribute to the empire that has conquered it (ie. Mayans and Incas).

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4
Q

What were some early policies of the Tang Dynasty to gain support?

A

Lowered taxes on peasants initially

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5
Q

What public works did the Tang Dynasty undertake?

A

Increased network of roads and canals

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6
Q

What philosophy was reestablished as the official belief system of China during the Tang Dynasty?

A

Confucianism

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7
Q

Why did some people in China dislike Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty?

A

It led to people walking away from their specialized work and defying the social construct that the gentry and leaders depend on.

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8
Q

How were government officials selected during the Tang Dynasty?

A

Expanded and refined civil service exam system = meritocracy.

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9
Q

What factors led to the decline of the Tang Dynasty?

A

Overexpansion

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10
Q

How did the Song Dynasty compare in size to the Tang Dynasty?

A

Smaller territory; never regained west and north.

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11
Q

How did the Song Dynasty attempt to maintain peace with northern nomadic tribes?

A

Tried to bribe them.

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12
Q

What was a significant agricultural advancement during the Song Dynasty?

A

Import of fast-growing rice from Vietnam leading to two harvests a year and economic growth.

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13
Q

How did the Song government support agriculture?

A

Distributed the fast-growing rice to farmers.

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14
Q

What facilitated thriving domestic trade in the Song Dynasty?

A

Canals.

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15
Q

What were some key areas of foreign trade for the Song Dynasty?

A

Along the Silk Roads

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16
Q

What were Chinese “junks” known for during the Song Dynasty?

A

Dominance in East Asian waters.

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17
Q

What financial innovations occurred during the Song Dynasty?

A

Credit vouchers, move back from paper to metal

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18
Q

What major technological advancements were made in Tang and Song China beyond paper?

A

Printing (block and movable type)

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19
Q

How did the import of fast-growing rice impact the population of China during the Song Dynasty?

A

Population growth due to the increased food supply allowing for two harvests a year.

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20
Q

Describe the social hierarchy in Song China.

A

Gentry (wealthy landowners)

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21
Q

How did the role of women change in Song China?

A

Women lost status in the middle and upper classes as it became a sign of status for them not to work.

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22
Q

What was Neo-Confucianism?

A

A new form of Confucianism that emerged with the influence of Buddhism.

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23
Q

What were common characteristics of Song landscape painting?

A

Monochromatic

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24
Q

What was a notable characteristic of Tang Dynasty poetry?

A

It was considered a golden age

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25
What skills were expected of the scholar-gentry class?
Poetry
26
Who were the Mongols?
Nomadic people (pastoralists) from the eastern steppe.
27
Who unified the Mongol clans around 1200 and what title did he take in 1206?
Temujin; Genghis Khan (universal ruler).
28
What were some of the Mongols' military skills and strategies?
Skilled horsemen
29
What were some negative impacts of Mongol invasions?
Many areas never recovered
30
How was the Mongol empire organized after 1260?
Divided into four regions (khanates): Russia
31
Who established the Yuan Dynasty in China and what was his relationship to Genghis Khan?
Kublai Khan; grandson.
32
What was the capital of the Yuan Dynasty?
Beijing.
33
How did Kublai Khan show admiration for Chinese culture?
Built a Chinese-style palace
34
Despite admiring Chinese culture
how did the Mongols maintain their distinct identity in China?
35
Why did Kublai Khan employ so many foreigners in government?
Mongols were mostly illiterate and needed help governing
36
Who was a famous foreigner employed by Kublai Khan?
Marco Polo.
37
What contributed to the Mongolian decline in China?
Failed invasions of Japan and Southeast Asia leading to costly losses
38
What was the Pax Mongolia?
Mongolian Peace within the empire.
39
What were some positive effects of Mongol rule in Eurasia?
Encouraged trade
40
What was a Mongol Passport and what did it signify?
A special medal given by a Khan granting authority to travel throughout the empire.
41
What spread across Eurasia due to the trade facilitated by the Mongols?
New technology (gunpowder
42
What was the aim of Hongwu
the first Ming emperor?
43
What were some of Hongwu's policies?
Reinstated civil service exam and Confucianism
44
What was the policy of the Yongle Emperor regarding foreign trade and exploration?
Encouraged it and lifted trade restrictions.
45
Who led the Treasure Ship Voyages during the Ming Dynasty and when did they primarily occur?
Zheng He; 1405 - 1433.
46
What famous structure was built in Beijing by the Yongle Emperor?
The Forbidden City (1404 - 1420).
47
What was the trend in foreign relations after the Treasure Ship voyages ended?
Increased isolation.
48
Why did the Treasure Ship voyages end?
The next emperor and many officials discouraged wasting resources on foreign nations they deemed offered little value.
49
How did the Ming government control foreign trade after the voyages ended?
Through only three designated ports.
50
What did Europeans want from China during the Ming Dynasty?
Chinese products.
51
What did China primarily want from Europe in exchange for their goods?
Silver and gold.
52
What happened to paper currency in China during the Ming Dynasty and what replaced it?
It was overprinted and became unstable
53
What factors led to the decline of the Ming Dynasty?
Corruption
54
Who were the Manchus?
People from Manchuria who overthrew the Ming Dynasty.
55
What was the name of the dynasty established by the Manchus?
Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911).
56
How did the Qing Dynasty view Chinese culture?
Respected and adopted it
57
What was the general policy of the Qing Dynasty regarding foreign relations?
Continued policy of isolation.
58
What is an archipelago?
A chain of islands.
59
How many main islands make up the majority of Japan's land mass?
Four.
60
What are the four main islands of Japan?
Hokkaido
61
What natural feature is Japan said to resemble?
A dragon.
62
What are some characteristics of Japan's smaller islands?
Mostly rocky
63
What important resource does Japan rely on the sea for?
Food.
64
What geological zone is Japan located in
and what natural disasters are common there?
65
What are some of Japan's neighboring countries?
Korea
66
What percentage of Japan's land is mountainous
forested
67
What is Japan's largest mountain?
Mount Fuji.
68
What is Japan's population density like?
Extremely dense (as of 2020
69
What are some consequences of Japan's geography?
Reliance on seas for food
70
What is Japan's traditional religion?
Shinto or "way of the Gods".
71
What does Shinto emphasize?
Respect for the forces of nature and ancestor worship.
72
What are "kami" in Shinto belief?
Divine spirits that dwelled in nature.
73
How was early Japanese society organized?
Into small clans.
74
How did the concept of the emperor develop in Japan?
By the 400s
75
How did the Japanese emperor's claim to power differ from the Chinese Mandate of Heaven?
More like a Divine Right to Rule based on lineage.
76
How did Chinese culture influence early Japan?
Through contact with Korea
77
What served as a bridge between Chinese and Japanese culture?
Korea.
78
What aspects of Chinese culture did Japan adapt?
Chinese written language (simplified to Kana)
79
What is syncretism?
The blending of different religious traditions.
80
Why did Japan not adopt the Chinese civil service exam?
(The provided text does not explicitly state why.)
81
What uniquely Japanese cultural forms developed during the Heian Period?
Art and fashion (elaborate
82
What is a haiku?
(The provided text mentions it in the context of Japanese culture but does not define it.)
83
What is a notable feature of Japan's geography mentioned at the end?
Four thousand islands.
84
What imaginative element is linked to Japan's geography in the text?
Lots of fiery dragons.
85
What is a limitation of Japan's geography for agriculture?
Not that much farmland.
86
What tech discoveries came during the Song dynasty?
GUNPOWDER, COMPASS, PRINTING

AP Global (19 decks)

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