Implementation of Apartheid

Question 1

International Response to Apartheid in 1948

Answer 1

Little response
- Britain had its colonies
- Portuguese doing same supremacy in Mozambique/Angola
- UN busy with fighting communism with USA

Question 2

Aims of Apartheid

Answer 2

1. Achieve white supremacy
2. End political ties with Britain and become a Republic

Question 3

Afrikaners in civil service

Answer 3

English were replaced by Afrikaners in the government.
By 1959, only 6 out of 40 gov heads were english speakers

Question 4

How many seats won in SW Africa (Namibia)

Answer 4

Extended the franchise by gaining 6 more seats

Question 5

Increase in seats with the 1955 Senate Act and impact

Answer 5

48 to 89, allowed to pass Disenfranchisement of Coloured Voters in 1956

Question 6

4 Early legislation in 1950s

Answer 6

1950 Population Registration Act - 4 racial groups
1949 Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
1950 Group Areas Act - 3.5 million evicted (1951-56), Sophiatown to Triomf
1951 Bantu Authorities Act -Reinforced Bantustans and tribal homelands. Tribal leader elected by gov, some autonomy

Question 7

1952 Native Laws Ammendment Act

Answer 7

• Pass books extended to women and made larger, more info
• 1 million arrests due to pass violations in early 1950s

Question 8

Education fact prior to 1953 Bantu Education Act
-Mission schools
-spending on education
-% of attendance

Answer 8

• 1945, 4360 mission schools vs 230 gov schools
• Gov spent 16 times more on white education
  -1948, less than 33% of blacks attended schools.

Question 9

1953 Education Act and reaction

Answer 9

1949 Werner Eiselen report stated that western media was harming blacks, they should have a limited curriculum and a department of education set up.
Bantu Education Act:
- stopped subsidies to mission schools
- curriculum managed by gov
- set up Department of Bantu Education
Response:
- ‘education for ignorance better than no education at all” - ANC leader
- Religious schools tried to keep open but struggled
- Bishop of Johannesburg charged 50p per month, but some couldn’t afford it
ANC called for a boycott but gov said whoever participated wouldn’t get readmitted.

Question 10

Extension of Universities Act 1959

Answer 10

Prior, one non-white university (Fort Hare) but 3 out of 4 english unis accepted non-whites.
Under the Act:
- english universities no longer accept non-whites
- three colleges set up for Zulu, coloured and Indians. Fort Hare for Xhosa

Question 11

Bantu Self Government Act 1959

Answer 11

Tomilson Commission 1956, 100GBP investment to Bantustans needed.
Gov responded by ignoring this.
- Removed 8 bantustans from statistics
- Blacks seen as citizens of homelands and guests to white areas

Question 12

1950 Suppression of Communism Act

Answer 12

Ability to arrest anyone who went against the government and was causing political/social unrest.
Created ‘banning orders’ which put people under house arrest preventing to contact each other for 5 years.

Question 13

1953 Public Safety Act

Answer 13

State of Emergency for 12 months at any time and could be renewed

Question 14

1953 Criminal Law Ammendment Act

Answer 14

Guilty by association

Question 15

1955-56 Censorship Acts

Answer 15

censored any literature against the government, also newspapers

Question 16

1956 Riotous Assemblies Act

Answer 16

Outlawed any hostile meetings and prevented ‘banned people’ from addressing the public

Question 17

1956 Treason Trial

Answer 17

156 anti-apartheid activists arrested in 1956 after the Freedom Charter in Kliptown in 1955.
By 1957, 73 defendants accusations withdrawns
by 1961, all accused were released due to no eidence