African Nationalism and Anti- Apartheid Protests

Question 1

Doctor’s pact

Answer 1

1947 SAIC and ANC made a formal alliance

Question 2

Who was Alfred Xuma?

Answer 2

Leader of ANC from 1940s
focused on rural campaigns, e.g. 1946 100,000 mineworkers strike but brutally suppressed

Question 3

ANCYL created in 1943

Answer 3

Leader - Walter Sisulu, members included, Mandela, Tambo, Sobukwe
Aimed for direct action instead of protests or discussions
By 1949 became members of ANC, Sisulu first full-time secretary

Question 4

What was the Basic Policy?

Answer 4

Created in 1948 by the ANCYL, it stated that:
- African have to unite
- Have right to the wealth of SA
- Accept help from sympathetic groups (whites)
Formalised in 1949 to the Programme of Action

Question 5

Defiance Campaign 1952

Answer 5

Over 10000 met at Durban
ANC membership rose from 40,000 to 100,000
In 6 months only 8600 arrests compared to 8 million Africans
Ended January 1953, government made civil disobedience a crime

Question 6

Women’s Pass Protest 1956

Answer 6

Federation of South African Women and the ANC Women’s league organised protest against the Pass Laws. Activists: Helen Joseph and Lilian Ngoyi
9 August 1956- 20,000 women marched to Pretoria with 100,000 signatures, but gov building were empty
Protests continued, over 1,000 at Lichtenburg, police killed 2.
By 1960 75% of women had passes

Question 7

Black Sash

Answer 7

White women’s group against Apartheid and Senate bill, haunted ministers.
Supported Women’s Pass Protest and provided advice to blacks
Offered cheap pool of lawyers, building trust of black Africans.

Question 8

Freedom Charter 1955

Answer 8

• Over 3000 anti-apartheid activists gathered at Kliptown, People’s Congress created Freedom Charter
• A simple set of ideas/claims
  -1956 government arrested 156 leaders, led to Treason Trial

Question 9

Only successful protest

Answer 9

Potato Boycott 1957-59
- ANC sponsored boycott on potatoes due to poor working conditions.
- Due to lack of supply by 1959 employers improved working conditions

Question 10

Zeerust Uprising 1957

Answer 10

Leader refused to enforce new pass laws and was dismissed
Charter buses from Johannesburg, joined uprising
Mass arrests and women enforced to carry passes

Question 11

East Pondoland 1960

Answer 11

• Local chief was corrupt but supported the gov so wasn’t dismissed
• Intaba resistance movement (zulu) uprise
• 1961 uprising stopped as they couldn’t compete with advanced military

Question 12

PAC set up and leader

Answer 12

Set up by Robert Sobukwe in 1957, believed that working with other races wasn’t working

Question 13

PAC differences with ANC

Answer 13

• PAC believed ANC failed due to working with whites
• PAC against the Freedom Charter and communism as they set whites to have equal rights
• PAC had a simple philosophy which attracted support in rural areas. e.g. Witwaterstand
  -1959 PAC 25,000 more than ANC
• Rivalry divided the resistance movement weakening it.