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Question 1

women’s ability to reproduce should be eliminated by technology to free them of the patriarchal nuclear family.

Answer 1

Shulamith Firestone

Question 2

a feminist wanted to raise her children gender neutral but schools and peer group influences made it almost impossible

Answer 2

Barrie Thorne

Question 3

men did more around the home unemployed, but wives when in work were still expected to be responsible for the bulk of housework.

Answer 3

Pahl (1984)

Question 4

wives deferred to their husbands in decision-making about important issues such as buying a new house or moving job.

Answer 4

Edgell (1980)

Question 5

children dramatically changes the life of the mother rather than the father – especially in regard to career advancement.

Answer 5

Gershuny’s (1996)

Question 6

girls and boys in the family are often subject to different levels of social control − girls have less freedom, spend more time in the home, have earlier curfews and stricter rules.

Answer 6

Heidensohn

Question 7

women in the nuclear family have to cope with male frustrations in the workplace – this may lead to domestic abuse and the dark side of the family

Answer 7

Pressure cooker-

Question 8

biological characteristics do not define gender roles. She gave the example of the mbuti pygmies where there is no sexual division and both are involved in fishing etc.

Answer 8

Ann Oakley

Question 9

men were more satisfied with their marriage than their wives, many of whom expressed emotional loneliness. Moreover, these men had no inkling that their wives were unhappy.

Answer 9

Bernard’s study of marriage (1982)

Question 10

studied 224 societies and discovered that biological differences of the two sexes result in the social role assigned. Due to child bearing women are given emotive roles whilst men’s physical strength makes them better equipped for security.

Answer 10

George Murdock

Question 11

if men are not working then they may find themselves having to take on roles in the home

Answer 11

(Mac an Ghaill – crisis of masculinity);

Question 12

Families are diverse and changing in UK. They are diverse in organization, culture, social class, life-course, and cohort

Answer 12

Rapoport and Rapoport (1982)

Question 13

found that fathers were taking an increasingly active role in the emotional development of their children

Answer 13

Burghes (1997)

Question 14

research shows that men today want to play an active role in the family, spending quality time with their children (new men)

Answer 14

Dermott – intimate fathers

Question 15

a parenting style that aims to give children in the family every opportunity e.g. dance classes, sports clubs, tutoring, music lessons etc. – poorer families cannot afford such luxuries;Families used to rely on children’s income until the Education Act of 1918 and childhood began

Answer 15

concerted cultivation – Lareau

Question 16

children in many societies are subject to restricted freedom and movement, particularly in the public sphere, due to heightened parental concerns about external and ‘stranger danger’

Answer 16

Furedi

Question 17

technology has led to more child centred products therefore it lasts longer and is a more defined phase in modern industrial society. There are much more clear norms and values in today’s age indicating a change, however some say that childhood may be disappearing.

Answer 17

Neil Postman

Question 18

saw the unequal division of labour in the family as benefitting the ruling class and capitalism: the bosses had their workers clothed and fed and looked after for free.

Answer 18

Feminist Fran Ansley

Question 19

school prepared pupils for life in the capitalist system and prevented rebellion or revolution. The reason schools act in this way is because they work directly in the interests of the capitalist system and the ruling class and their principle purpose is to produce the workforce.

Answer 19

Bowles and Gintis

Question 20

counter school sub-cultures were formed because the lads saw school and academic learning as pointless to their future lives as factory workers;

Answer 20

Paul Willis

Question 21

crime is committed because there are no legitimate ways available for an individual to be successful, e.g. sub-cultural theory and the illegitimate opportunity structure

Answer 21

(Cloward and Ohlin)

Question 22

positive correlation between children’s enjoyment of school when they were six years old and their achievement in examinations when they were 16 – regardless of their social-class background, gender or ethnicity.

Answer 22

Tim Morris (2021)-

Question 23

good schools make a difference to the life chances of all learners. Rutter suggested that ‘good’ schools were those which were well organised and had clear rules and expectations of their learners.

Answer 23

Michael Rutter

Question 24

teachers judge learners on non-academic factors, such as conduct and appearance. These factors make up a stereotype of the ‘ideal student’ and influence teachers’ assessments of a learner’s ability.

Answer 24

Howard Becker-

Question 25

AAVE had a grammatical structure and could be used to express complex and abstract ideas. Before Labov’s study, African American learners who used AAVE would have been marked down, even if they had the same level of understanding and ability as learners using standard English.

Answer 25

linguist William Labov

Question 26

children with Chinese backgrounds in UK schools were so successful compared with children from other ethnic groups. Parents valued education highly and invested time and money in their children’s education, however wealthy they were.

Answer 26

Louise Archer

Question 27

in British schools the curriculum is ethnocentric because it ‘gives priority to the white culture and English language’, there is no diversity to the curriculum;

Answer 27

(Troyna and Williams)

Question 28

black girls were labelled by white teachers as ‘potentially disruptive’

Answer 28

Connolly (1988)

Question 29

argues that sub-cultures are transitory and young people drift in and then drift out of such groups, showing that they have little power to cause major conflict or upheaval in society;

Answer 29

Matza

Question 30

social inequality is inevitable in any complex modern society – roles need to be allocated and rewards assigned to these roles and some roles are more socially valued and attract more rewards; Davis & Moore argue that there need to be strata - or classes - of people with different power and pay, in order to ensure the best best candidates get the most important jobs. This, they argue, is what ensures meritocracy.

Answer 30

Davis and Moore

Question 31

how much has the male grooming marker increased?

Answer 31

over 800% since 1998

Question 32

middle classes has a sense of superiority over white working class culture, sneering and ridiculing their food, clothes, and leisure activities. this is how they maintain their identity

Answer 32

Lawler (2205_