Individual attributes

Question 1

Demographic difference

Answer 1

Age
Gender
Ethnic background

Question 2

Competency difference

Answer 2

• competency: apitudes and abilities of people at work
• apitude: the capability to learn something
• abilities: the capacity to perform the tasks needed for a given job
• cognitive abilities: mental capacity to process information & solve problems (IQ)
• physical abilities
• psychological and societal abilities (EQ)

Question 3

Personality difference

Answer 3

Personality is the overall profile or combination of traits that characterize the unique nature of a person.

Question 4

Development approach to personality

Answer 4

Chris Argyris Model: Immaturity -> to -> maturity
Immaturity 1:
- passivity, dependence, little-self awareness, subordinate position
2:
- Limited behavior, shallow interests, short-term perspectives
Maturity 1:
- much self-awareness, activity independence, superordinate position
2:
- Diverse behavior, deep interest, long-term perspective

Question 5

Key dimensions of personality (Big Five)

Answer 5

• extraversion - introversion
• conscientiousness
• agreeableness
• emotional stability
• openness to experience

Question 6

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Answer 6

1. focus of attention:
   - evtraversion vs. introversion
2. collection of information
   - sensing vs intuiting
3. evaluation of information
   - thinking vs feeling
4. orientation to outer world
   - perceiving vs judging

2)3) -> problem solving

Question 7

Occupational matches for problem solving styles

Answer 7

• Sensation thinking
• Sensation feeling
• Intuitive thinking
• Intuitive feeling

Question 8

Sensation thinking

Answer 8

• decisive
• dependable
• applied in thinking
• sensitive to details
  (accounting, programming, engineering)

Question 9

Sensation feeling

Answer 9

• pragmatic
• analytical
• methodical
• conscientious
  (Negotiating, Selling, Direct supervision)

Question 10

Intuitive thinking

Answer 10

• creative
• progressive
• perceptive in thinking
• many ideas
  (design thinking, system analysis, law, middle/top management, business, economics)

Question 11

Intuitive feeling

Answer 11

• charismatic
• participative
• people oriented and helpful
  (Public relations, advertising, politics)

Question 12

Dynamic self concept: modelled as an atom

Answer 12

Electron -> Self-concept (is dynamic and changes through time)
Proton -> stable self core
Atom cover -> self

Question 13

Authoritarianism

Answer 13

A person high in authoritarianism tends to adhere rigidly to conventional values and to obey recognized authority. This person is concerned with toughness and power.

Question 14

Dogmatism

Answer 14

For people high in dogmatism the world is a threatening place. They often regard legitimate authority as absolute and accept or reject others according to how much they agree with accepted authority.

Question 15

Machiavellianism

Answer 15

A person high in mach
-> tendencies to approach situations logically and thoughtfully
-> ability to lie & manipulate to achieve personal goals
-> reluctance to be ruled by loyalty, friendships, past promises or the opinions of others
-> skilled influencers

Question 16

Workplace values

Answer 16

• achievement
• helping and concern for others
• honesty and fairness

Question 17

Post-materialistic values

Answer 17

• self-actualization
• social status and solidarity

Question 18

Materialistic values

Answer 18

• safety
• supply

Question 19

Components of attitudes

Answer 19

Attitude: predisposition to respond in a specific way to someone

cognitive components:
- beliefs, opinions, knowledge a person possesses
affective components:
- specific feelings regarding the personal impact of the antecedents
behavioral components:
- intentions to behave in a certain way based on a person’s specific feelings or attitudes

Beliefs
-> create
Feelings
-> that influence
Behavior

Question 20

Components of job satisfaction

Answer 20

Organizational commitment
- degree to which person feels part of organization
Job involvement
- Degree to which person is willing to work hard and apply effort beyond normal job expectations

Question 21

Facets of job satisfaction

Answer 21

The work (responsibility, interest and growth)
Quality of supervision (Technical help and social support)
Relationship with coworkers (social harmony and respect)
Promotion opportunities
Pay (adequacy of pay)

Question 22

Forms of job (dis)satisfaction (Brugemann)

Answer 22

Slide 66

• positive/ negative result
• level of aspiration increase/constant/decrease

Satisfaction and Performance: Satisfaction causes good performance and vice versa

Question 23

Job satisfaction and workplace behaviour

Answer 23

Absenteeism - turnover (people leaving)
-> job satisfaction - affects -> intrinsic motivation

Question 24

Factors influencing perception

Answer 24

Perceptual process is affected by:
The perceiver
- needs or motives, experience, values, attitudes
The setting
- physical, social, organizational
The perceived
- contrast, intensity, size, motion

Distortions:
- Selections effects, biases, stereotypes

Question 25

Implicit personality theories

Answer 25

Theory X: - people have low drive and don't like to work -> need to be controlled/supervised -> loathe responsibility and prefer to be led by others Theory Y: - work: self fulfillment -> identification with the organisation leads to self-control and initiative -> makes external control unnecessary -> ego-needs and self-actualization more important than financial reward -> initiative, creativity and responsibility naturally given Consequence: Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 26

Managing Perceptions requires

Answer 26

- high level of self-awareness - seek information from others (to counter biases) - be empathetic - try to avoid common perceptual distortions

Question 27

Locus of control

Answer 27

The extent to which people feel able to affect their lives (internal vs external control of locus)

Question 28

Causal attributions

Answer 28

Internal-external Stable-variable global-specific (happens everywhere vs. specific for this situation) Example: getting a good grade Internal+stable: I am smart Internal+variable: I studied hard for this exam External+stable: this subject is very easy External+variable: I was lucky this once

Question 29

Dysfunctional Attribution Style

Answer 29

After success: external, variable, specific -> "I was just lucky this time, it won't happen again" After failure: internal, stable, global -> "I am a failure as always on not only this subject, in everything"