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psychology > individual differences > Flashcards

individual differences Flashcards

1
Q

what is differntial psychology

A

study of how people differ from each other in terms of behaviour, thoughts and feelings

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2
Q

what is psychodynamic psychology

A

the study of the mental and emotional processes that influence behavior.

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3
Q

what did freud treat?

A

conversion hysteria

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4
Q

whats conversion hysteria

A

migraine, seiuzres, paralysis

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5
Q

what was conversion hysteria said to be caused by?

A

-painful memories that had been repressed or pushed out of awareness

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6
Q

what did freud say made people better from conversion hysteria? and why

A

-when patients experienced the traumatic memory
- he believed that an unconcious part of the mind plays an important role in influencing behaviour

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7
Q

what are the 3 techniques used by freud to get patients to re experience the painful memories?

A

-hypnosis
-free association; when patients could say anything that came to mind without consequences
-dream analysis

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8
Q

what did freud conclude about personality

A

-a system of energy
-constantly presses for release

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9
Q

what did freud label the instinctual drive to generate psychic energy as

A

libido

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10
Q

what are the three different levels of awareness?

A

conscious, preconscious, unconcious

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11
Q

what does preconcious mean

A

-stuff your currently aware of but can be recalled
- recalling info into awareness

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12
Q

what is unconcious

A

beyond awareness
- have no idea theyre there

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13
Q

what did freud theorise 3 structures of personality as

A

ego,supergo, ID

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14
Q

what does ID mean

A

-all psychic energy
-exists in concious mind
-no contact with reality
-libido
-irrational; doesnt consider environmental realities- cake example
-wants to meet its urges
-pleasure principle

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15
Q

whats the ego

A

-follows reality principal
-decides what conditions ID can discharge impulses
-functions primarily at a concious level
-undersrand which circumstances to use ID
-develops by age 3

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16
Q

whats superego

A

-moral arm
-relies on traditional values, with society and expectations
-tries to block gratification( tries to block ID completely)
-moralistic goals over realistic goals
-develops by age 4/5

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17
Q

what is personailty in terms of the three egos

A

the struggle between the ID striving for release and superego trying to contain them

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18
Q

what did freud believe the egos had on anxiety?

A

-thought anxiety was a danger signal, feelings of anxiety was to tell ego it needs to act in some way to contain the id.

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19
Q

what strategy does ego use to protect anxiety thoughts

A

-pushes anxiety arousing memories, feelings and impulses into unconcious
-they remain in unconcious striving for release, can be expressed indeirectly in dreams

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20
Q

what happens in denial

A

ego reguses to acknowledge anxiety, feelings, impulses

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21
Q

what happens in displacement

A

dangerous impulses repressed and then directed at a safer target
- e.g when your boss is horrible you cant say anything so you take it out on a friend instead

22
Q

what did freud believe about psychosexual development

A

-children pass through 4 psychosexual stages
- drives from id pleasure, seeking tendecies on specific areas of the body
(erogenous zones)

23
Q

whats the first psychosexual stage

A

-oral
-satisfaction from sucking and food
-too much/too little sucking showed self indulgence or dependecny in adulthood

24
Q

what the second psychosexual stage

A

-anal
-pleasure from process of elimination
-controlling biological urges
-harsh toilet training associated with fixations in obsessive cleaning or orderliness in later life- anally retentive
-lack in toilet training leads to fixations of being messy, negative and dominant adult personality - anally expulsive

25
Q

whats the third psychosexual stage

A

-phallic
- 4-5
-pleasure from sexual organs
-boys: sexual feelings towards their mothers, fear father will catch him and castrate him
-oedipus complex, feelings of love to mother and hostility to father

-girls: electra complex, discover they dont have penis, blame mother for lack of desirable sexual organ
-penis envy; desire to have their fathers child as a substitute
-resolve impulses by repressing sexual impulses
-helps to develop suger ego

26
Q

whats the fourth psychosexual stage

A

-sexuality becomes dormant till adolescence
-once re emerged genital stage is lifelong

27
Q

why is freud work unreliable?

A

-used a small number of cases, needs huge samples to understand normal functioning
-cultural and gender bias
-emphasis on white eu male, others seen as less superior

28
Q

what was important about freuds work

A

-frist to highlight mental processes can happen without awareness

29
Q

what does congruence mean

A

self perceptions and experience are consistent

30
Q

what does incongruence mean

A

self perceptions and experience are not consistent
-e.g anxiety

31
Q

what does phenomenology mean

A

-emphasises how we experience the world now
-importance of the present

32
Q

what do trait theoriests do?

A

define personality in terms of the degree to which a person possesses a personality characteristic

33
Q

what did allport and odbert 1936 find

A

17,953 words describing personalty traits

34
Q

what statistical technique is used to find highly correlated personal characteristics

A
  • factor analysis
    -uses clusters
35
Q

what did raymond cattell 1965 do

A

-recruited a long list of people to give adjectives that described themselves
-also got someone else who knows them well tp identify their clusters
cattell found 16 different personality clusters that was thorough throughout

36
Q

what was Hans Eysenck 1916-97

A

-2 basic dimension of personality
-introversion to extraversion
-stability to instability
- said these 2 different traits can account for differences in personality

37
Q

what did mccrae and costa 2003 study

A

-fice factor model
-five higher order factors capture basic structure of differences
-big 5
-most common for identifying personality

38
Q

what are the big 5

A

-openness
-conscientiousness
-extraversion
-agreeableness
-neuroticism

39
Q

for the big 5 how many facets was there?

A

-30 facets
-6 scales in each

40
Q

what model did ashton and lee 2007 make

A

-hexaco
-added humility traits, being modest, fair,sincere etc

41
Q

what have twin studies shown in bioligical foundations of personality

A

differences in our genetic makeup contribute to differences in personality

42
Q

what does heritability of big 5 assess?

A
  • the degree of variation in a trait due to genetic differences between people
    -found 40 to 50% is due to diffs in genetic makeup
43
Q

what did church and katigbak 2000 find

A

-evidence showed personality traits do not predict behaviour swell in collectivistic compared to individual cultures

44
Q

what did raad et al 2010 study find

A

-examined if big 5 present in 12 diff languages
-consciousnetness
-extraversion
-agreeablness
all found
-less support for neuroticism and openness-may be more open in diff cultures

45
Q

what is the study of developing, administering and scoring measures assesing psychological traits called

A

psychometrics

46
Q

what happens in interviews when people asked about feelings etc in psychodynamics

A

-interviewer tailors questions to a specific person
-allow participant to respond in their own words

47
Q

how to observe behaviour

A
  • dont ask observe
    -must create a thorough coding system to score behaviours
    -observer may influence behaviour
48
Q

whats personality scale

A

-standard sets of questions
-eceryone selects from the same list of answer options
-usually require how accurately each phrase describes you

49
Q

what are advatages and limitations to personality scales

A
  • a:
    -can collect data from many people at same time
    -all participants under similar conditions
    -standard scoring, differences wont impact the score

l:
-lengthy, get bored
-may not be honest, answer in socially desirable way
-participants cant respond in their own words

50
Q

what is psychometrics

A

developing and scoring of psychological assessments

51
Q
A

psychology (7 decks)

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