memory and cognition

Question 1

whats inattentional blindness

Answer 1

failure to acknowledge, failure of attention
-once noticed its hard to not see again

Question 2

whats selective attention

Answer 2

influence of the viewers task overrise visibility of a stimulus

Question 3

what did Loftus et al. 1987 study show

Answer 3

-same scene, showed a cheque and a gun
-gave poorer details of scene when gun was shown
-longer duration looking at gun caused this, we only pay attention to threatening/ specific objects

Question 4

what did loftus study 1979 when photos shown of a man with just a pen or with a bloody knife, people asked to identify who he was?

Answer 4

• with pen vs with bloody knife
  -49% vs 33% identification

Question 5

what types of long term memory is there

Answer 5

-procedural
-declarative

Question 6

what happens in procedural long term memory

Answer 6

-skills, cognitive, classical conditioning effects

Question 7

what happens in declarative long term memory

Answer 7

-personal experience events
-facts, general knowledge

Question 8

whats a critical lure

Answer 8

• a word that things are assoiated with but the word is not said

Question 9

what is it meant by episodic

Answer 9

-remembering coherent episodes
-events in the context
- personal experiences

Question 10

what is it meant by semantic

Answer 10

-stored without reference to time or place of acquisition
-statements/facts

Question 11

what did Bartlett’s 1932 study aim to do

Answer 11

-wanted to see how humans made sense of scenario’s

Question 12

what concept did Bartlett introduce?

Answer 12

-schemas
-is a chunk of knowledge about the world
important as provides a mental framework

Question 13

what did Brantford and Johnson 1972 study

Answer 13

-had a paragraph that people had to read
-asked to recall it and remember everything in the para
-recall was chopped up into idea units

-2nd group asked to remember a scheme
-performed double better, so if topic was introduced before they recalled it better

Question 14

what did brewer and trevebs 1981 study

Answer 14

• set up consistent and inconsistent schema objects to test what was remembered and not remembered
  -showed higher recall of schema consistent

Question 15

what did Bartlett schema effect 1932 study show

Answer 15

-you tend to remember what you expect to see

Question 16

what did Schwab and wolf 2010 study

Answer 16

-stress test of ice water and uncomfortable socially
- thought they were being recorded for others to watch,
-anxiety caused higher recall but when too high it decreased

Question 17

what effect did loftus and palmer 1974 crash show

Answer 17

-depending on how questions were asked people gave different responses to what they think they saw
-influence of way question was asked showed different answers

Question 18

whats the distinction between knowing and remembering

Answer 18

-knowing: fast recognition process, familiarity
-remembering: slower and more attention demanding, needs contextual info

Question 19

what is source misattribution error

Answer 19

-failure of source monitoring
-process of examining contextual origins of a memory

Question 20

what is unconscious transference

Answer 20

• the tendency of eyewtiness to misinform what they seen in the situation on basis of familiarity
  -affects reduced by informing witness bystander is a distinct person from culprit

Question 21

whats the innocence project

Answer 21

• works with law enforcement to reduce misidentification

Question 22

whats the cogntive interview

Answer 22

• asks people to recreate context of situation in their mind at time of crime
  -reports everything they can think of
  -reports from various perspectives
  -has shown to create more correct statements

Question 23

what did the overestimation study by Levin et al.2002 show

Answer 23

-were shown a video with scarf dissappearing and reappearing
-78% of people believed if they were warned there would be a change they would have noticed
-another test showed 0% people would notice
-shows how eye testimony is not reliable