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PSYC514 > Individual differences - AB > Flashcards

Individual differences - AB Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of human universals?

A

What is generally true of human nature

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2
Q

What is the definition of individual differences?

A

How groups of people differ

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3
Q

What is the scientific definition of personality?

A

Tendency to show consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings and actions - McCrae and Costa, 1990, p.23.

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4
Q

What is the scientific definition of traits?

A

An individuals characteristic pattern of thought, emotion and behaviour, together with the psychological mechanisms - hidden or not - behind those patters - Funder, 1997; pp. 102

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5
Q

What three groups of traits did Allport classify?

A

Cardinal, central and secondary.

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6
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

A way of reducing data and making it more manageable.

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7
Q

Who developed the 16 personality factor?

A

Cattell and Eber, 1962

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8
Q

What are the five factors of the Five Factor Model (Big 5)?

A

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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9
Q

What is meant by Openness to Experience?

A

Receptiveness to new things, ideas and change.

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10
Q

What is meant by Conscientiousness?

A

Degree of self discipline and control, motivation in goal directed behaviour.
Often described as “will to acheive”

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11
Q

What is meant by Extraversion?

A

Sociability, quantity and intensity of inter-personal relationships and interactions.

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12
Q

What is meant by Agreeableness?

A

Quality of social interaction.

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13
Q

What is meant by Neuroticism

A

Emotional stability and personal adjustment

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14
Q

Give examples of evidence for the Big 5

A

Fits well with other measures of personality.
Predictive utility
Heritability studies
Cross cultural agreement

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15
Q

Why are trait theories useful?

A

They enable us to quantify, and therefore measure personality.

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16
Q

What are some limitations of trait theory?

A

How many factors should be included?
Correlational
Descriptive rather than explanatory
Stability over time and context?

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17
Q

What two other traits are added to the Big 5 by Almagor et al (1995) to make the Big 7?

A

Positive and negative valence.
ie do you see yourself positively or negatively?

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18
Q

What are the trats listed in the HEXACO model? (Ashton and Lee, 2005)

A

Honesty-humility
Emotionality
eXtraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness to experience

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19
Q

What are the ‘Big 2’ traits in Digmans 1997 theory?

A

Alpha - emotional stability, agreeableness and conscientiousness
Beta - Extraversion and Openness

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20
Q

DeYoung et al’s 2006 theory focuses on what?

A

Stability and plasticity

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21
Q

Musek (2007) theory is the Big 1 - what is this ‘general factor of personality’?

A

A combination of Stability and Plasticity.

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22
Q

Hans Eyesncks biological theory is also known as the PEN model, what does PEN stand for?

A

Psychoticism
Extraversion
Neuroticism

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23
Q

PEN stands for Psychoticism, Extraversion and Neuroticism - what is the opposite of each of these traits?

A

P = Control
E = Introversion
N = Stability

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24
Q

What are the biological/genetic basis for the PEN traits?

A

Psychoticism - associated with testosterone levels
E - is based on cortical arousal (EEG)
N - Level of reactivity in limbic system/amygdala

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25
Q

Who has performed studies which support Eyesncks theory?

A

Shields (1976) - monozygotic vs dizygotic twins.
Mitchell & Kumari 2016

26
Q

Does the PEN model address limlitations of Trait Approach

A

Identifies biological variables and causal explanations. Arousal can be measured objectively.

27
Q

Trait theories emphasise… what?

A

Trait theories emphasise consistency

28
Q

Social Cognitive Theories emphasise… what?

A

Social Cognitive Theories emphasise agency and role of context

29
Q

What are the three types of environment, and what do each of them mean?

A

Imposed - put up with it whether like it or not; but can control how construe and react to it.

Selected - associates, activities etc which we select by our life choices and behaviours

Constructed: through generative effort, how we socially construct environment through our perception of the world and associated actions.

30
Q

Walter Mischel (1930-2018) found that behaviour is … what?

A

Behaviour is situational - it varies as we interact with the world.

31
Q

List some of the key differences between trait and social cognitive models?

A

Trait; Trait driven, consistent predisposition, stable, factor analysis.

Social cognitive; expectant & agentic, situationally variable, dynamic, theory/experiments

32
Q

What type of approach do most now subscribe to?

A

Interactionist - both internal traits and situations interact in producing behaviour.

33
Q

What is the hard plaster hypothesis?

A

McCrae et al, 2000
Agree that personality stabilises at age 30
Remains stable in cognitively intact individuals

34
Q

What is the soft plaster hypothesis?

A

Caspi and Roberts (2001)
Plateau in personality may not be reached until age 50… but change slows after 30.

35
Q

What changes across the lifespan did McCrae et al (2000) observe from ages 18-30?

A

Decline in N, E and O.
Increase in A and C.
These early adulthood changes due to biological maturation only - not as a result of circumstances or situations.
Hard plaster.

36
Q

Caspi and Roberts (2001) found what?

A

Large environmental shifts can influence change

37
Q

What is the average IQ score?

A

100

38
Q

Spearmans g: what is ‘g’?

A

General intelligence underlying performance. g determines how well we use ability/knowledge.

39
Q

Thurstones multi-factorial model suggested g comprised of 7 primary mental abilities, what were these?

A

Associative memory, mathematical, perceptual speed, reasoning, visual-spatial, verbal; comprehension, word fluency.

40
Q

What two factors made up Cattells theory, and what is the difference between the two?

A

Fluid intelligence (gf): primary ability to learn, deal with novel information irrespective of previous experience.
Crystallised intelligence (gc): knowledge and skills arising from acculturative learning (Acquired and may increase over lifespan)

41
Q

The Weschler intelligence scale gives scores for what 3 kinds of intelligence?

A

Verbal IQ, Performance IQ and Full scale IQ.

42
Q

What does WAIS stand for?

A

Wechsler adult intelligence scale

43
Q

What do the following stand for; VIQ, PIQ and FSIQ?

A

Verbal IQ, Performance IQ and Full Scale IQ.

44
Q

What does WASI and WISC stand for?

A

Wechsler abbreviated scale intelligence, wechsler intelligence scale for children.

45
Q

What are the advantages to the Wechsler scale?

A

Quantification, predictive utility, identity differences.

46
Q

Why were the Ravens Progressive Measures made?

A

To respond and deal with issues of cultural variations.

47
Q

What are three examples of ‘multiple intelligences’?

A

Biology, formative relationships, cultural backgrounds.

48
Q

What are ‘hot intelligences’?

A

Non-cognitive abilities, especially those used in everyday life eg social skills.
Contrast with ‘cold’ analytical abilities eg maths.

49
Q

What are the three parts to ‘successful intelligence’ (according to Robert Sternberg)?

A

Componential, experiential and practical.

50
Q

What is analytical/componential intelligence?

A

Typical idea of intelligence, information processing, measured by traditional tests.

51
Q

What is creative/experiential intelligence?

A

How well a task is performed; novelty and automation. Measured by creativity tests.

52
Q

What is practical/contextual intelligence?

A

Ability to use knowledge and experience to interact with the world. Measured by response to vignettes of practical everyday situations.

53
Q

What is the difference between nature and nurture?

A

Nature is the idea that behaviour is based on genetics, nurture is the idea that behaviour is based on the environment a person has grown up in.

54
Q

What do most psychologists believe in regards to the nature/nurture debate?

A

Most agree that individual differences develop as a result of interaction. The disagreement is from the relative contribution.

55
Q

What is heritability coefficient? (Relative to twin studies)

A

Proportion of shared variance between individuals. (Between 0-1)

56
Q

Why is it a good idea to study twins and adoptees?

A

It allows us to seperate the two factors.

57
Q

What does concordance mean?

A

The degree to which they are similar.

58
Q

Who studied twin concordance rates of the big 5 in twins of different cultures?

A

Jang et al (2002)

59
Q

Does living in the same environment equal shared experiences?

A

No - even when twins live together everyones perception is unique.

60
Q

What are the limitations of twin studies?

A
  1. Twins aren’t representative of the general population.
  2. Unshared environment.
  3. Some genes may not have 100% penetrance.
  4. Trait/characteristic may be polygenic (caused by more than one gene)
61
Q

What are some examples of Social Influences and Controversies?

A
  • Assortative mating
  • Family size and Birth order
  • Social class
  • Bell curve controversy
  • Flynn effect
62
Q

What are the three theories as to why birth order affects individual characteristics?

A
  1. Admixture: Lower SES and IQ tend to have more children
  2. Resource dilution; the more children, the less resources.
  3. Confluence: Older chilren tend too teach younger children, whilst they learnt from adults.

PSYC514 (5 decks)

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