individual differences Final Exam Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
trait definition
A
internal stable psych disposition that determines difference between people
2
Q
3 pre-scientific theories of individual differences
A
- Gallen/Hippocrates theory of temperament
- Theophrastus’ 30 characters
- Gall’s phrenology
3
Q
Francis Galton contributions
A
- psychometrics
- nature vs nurture
- eugenics
- invented testing siblings (twins, siblings, adoptees) to see differences
4
Q
Alfred Binet contribution
A
developed first intelligence test (for kids)
5
Q
William Stern contribution
A
developed IQ
mental age/chronological age x 100
6
Q
Charles Spearman contribution
A
- g factor
- factor analysis
7
Q
Raymond Cattell contribution
A
- fluid vs crystallised intelligence
- culture fair intelligence test
8
Q
Hans Eysenck’s contribution
A
- Big 3 personality
9
Q
Robert McCrae + Costa contribution
A
Big 5 personality test
10
Q
behavioural genetics definition
A
study of bio basis of individual differences
- identifies genetic (nature) vs non-genetic (nurture) influences
11
Q
genotype definition
A
genetic code in DNA that is inherited from parents
12
Q
phenotype definition
A
expression of genes in behavioural traits that can be measured
13
Q
genome definition
A
full genetic info inherited by organism from parents
14
Q
Human genome project 2.0
A
focuses on understanding epigenome
15
Q
epigenome definition
A
how lifestyle, diet + environment effect gene expression
16
Q
CRISPR definition
A
gene editing can allow us to correct genetic diseases
17
Q
heritability estimate definition
A
stat indicator of influence of genetic factors on individual differences of behavioural traits
- what variance is due to genetics
18
Q
genetics and cognitive abilities
A
- genetics have high impact on cog abilities
*highest similarities between mono + same environment
*raised apart mono still higher correlation than fraternal
*lowest correlation in adoptee vs parents
19
Q
genetics and personality
A
- Eysenck: neuroticism + extroversion inherited (shared environment made no important impact)
- Big 5: mostly also inherited with agreeableness as lowest
20
Q
genetic influence on behaviours:
A
- conservativism
- religion
- substance abuse
21
Q
genetic interplay theory / conclusion
A
- it isnt nature vs nurture
- it’s nature x nurture
22
Q
example of genetic interplay
A
- knowledge intelligence
- parents support and encourage learning
- you have personality traits promoting learning + high intelligence
- high knowledge in adult life
23
Q
temperament definition
A
- building blocks underlying development of individual differences in personality
- can be observed in early infancy
- bio based but can be influenced by maturation + maturity
- relatively stable over time
24
Q
temperament as subset of personality
A
- emotional
- motor
- attentional
25
how temperament is assessed
1. behavioural genetics (twin studies)
2. molecular genetics
3. questionnaire
4. lab observation
5. cog + motor tasks
6. interviews
7. neuroscience (brain structure, functions etc)
26
child temperament behaviour:
1. affect
2. activity
3. attention
4. sensory sensitivity
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expression of formal characteristics in child temperament
1. response intensity
2. latencies
3. duration
4. threshold
5. recovery time
28
New York Longitudinal Study (Thomas + Chess)
9 Characteristics of Kids
1. motor activity
2. rhythmicity
3. response to new object
4. adaptability
5. sensitivity
6. intensity of responses
7. general disposition
8. distractibility
9. persistence in activity
29
goodness-of-fit definition (Thomas + Chess)
for good kid dev parenting should be tailored to kid's temperament
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3 types of kids (Thomas + Chess)
1. easy children (resilient)
2. difficult children (undercontrolled /resistant to control)
3. slow to warm up (overcontrolled)
uncategorised others
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questionnaires for children temperament
1. toddler temperament scale (1-3 yrs)
2. behavioural style questionnaire (3-7yrs)
3. middle childhood temperament (8-12yrs)
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Buss + Plomin approach to kids temperament
- focus on heritability
1. emotionality -> distress, fear, anger
2. activity -> tempo + vigor
3. sociability -> others, sharing, attention
4. impulsivity
33
EAS temperament survey
- measures emotionality, affectivity and sociability/shyness
- traits stable between 3-6
34
Mary Rothbart's view on temperament
individ diff in reactivity + self-regulation influences by genes, maturation and experience
35
Rothbart's 4 motivational systems
1. appetitive -> approach behaviour
2. defensive -> response to novel stimuli
3. frustrative/aggressive ->defensive
4. affiliative -> regulate social behaviours
36
Rothbart's 3 attentional systems
1. vigilance ->adjustment of alertness
2. posterior attentional -> flexible shifts of attention
3. anterior attentional -> effortful control
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3 main factors of Rothbart's theory
1. surgency
2. negative affectivity
3. effortful control
38
Prenatal influences on temperament
1. cannabis -> aggression + inattention (girls)
2. stress -> antisocial + anxiety
3. smoking -> ADHD (boys)
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longterm outcomes of temperamental traits
1. impulsivity + inattention
2. inhibition /fearfulness
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moderators of temperament
1. gender
2. family
3. context
4. parenting
5. non-maternal childcare
6. peer relations
41
Pavlov, Teplov + Nebylitsyn on adult temperament
- inhibition depends on nervous system
- weak nervous system -> low threshold for inhibition
42
Eysenck's Gigantic 3
- ascending reticular activating system balances inhibition + excitation
1. extroversion
2. neuroticism
3. psychoticism
- pretty heritable
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Eysenck extroversion biology
- high extroversion means less reactive to cortical excitation
- low extroversion means normally high arousal -> low optimal arousal levels
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Eysenck neuroticism biology
sensitive to autonomous nervous system + limbic
- neurotics: high arousal to emo stimuli from reticular limbic system
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Eysenck psychoticism biology
- less MAOA production (regulations norepinephrine + serotonin)
- parental maltreatment effect only in kids with less MAOA
46
Grey's Reinforcement sensitivity theory
BIS and BAS lead to fight or flight reactions
- high BAS -> impulsivity
- high BIS -> anxiety
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Zuckerman's alternative 5
1. neuroticism-anxiety
2. sociability
3. activity
4. aggression-hostility
5. impulsivity/sensation seeking
48
aggression in alternative 5
+ bio
- negatively correlated to agreeableness
- heritable only in males
- related to MAOA gene ONLY in maltreated kids + 5HIAA
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sensation seeking - alternative 5
+ bio
- high heritability
- depends mostly on environment (especially in religious kids)
- higher in males but goes down for both genders the older you get
- dopamine D4 receptor
50
how to measure sensation seeking (alt 5)
1. thrill / adventure seeking
2. experience-seeking
3. disinhibition
4. boredom susceptibility
51
5 temperament measurement tests
1. PANAS (positive + neg affect)
2. EPQ-R (Eysencks 3)
3. SPSRQ (Grey's)
4. RST-PQ (Grey's)
5. Sensation seeking scale
52
Strelau's Regulative Theory of Temperament
adult temperament seen in expressive characteristics of temperament
1. sensitivity to stimulation
2. energy
53
Strelau's measurement of adult temperament
FCB-TI
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Streslau's harmonised structures
1. sanguine
*high endurance
*low emotional reactivity
*high activity
2. melancholic
*low endurance
*high emo reactivity
*low activity
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Streslau's unharmonised structure
3. phlegmatic
*high enduance
*low emo reactivity
*low activity
4. choleric
*low endurance
*high emo reactivity
*high activity
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Strelau Factors Effecting Temperament
1. stressors not dependent on individual (war eg)
2. stressors dependent on individual (marital issues)
3. coping strategies
4. state of stress (changes in health)
57
Binet/Simon Intelligence test
- first to develop
- for kids to see what kids need more support
- lacked standardisation to compare across populations
58
Intelligence test military selection (Yerkes, Terman, Goddard)
- Alpha test = verbal
- Beta test = non-verbal if you failed alpha (most immigrants did)
59
William Stern
- inventor of IQ! IN WROCLAW!
- good for measuring kids but not adults
60
David Wechsler Contribution to intelligence
- against Stern's IQ score
- set up IQ norm of 100 with 15 points standard deviation
- developed Wechsler test of intelligence -> MOST popular IQ test
61
parts of Wechsler Adult intelligence scale
1. working memory
2. processing speed
3. perceptual reasoning
4. verbal comprehension
62
Spearman contribution to intelligence
- g-factor of general intelligence
*debated bc little evidence
- s factor for specific factors
63
Cattell's fluid and crystallised intelligence
- fluid (gf) = learn new things + solve problems without prior knowledge
- crystallised (gc) = accumulated knowlege
64
Raven's progressive matrices
non-verbal test for fluid intelligence
1. 3D rotation
2. letter/number series
3. matrix reasoning
65
trends in crystallised + fluid over time
- crystallised increases with age
- fluid goes down after 30
66
Thurnstone's 7 Primary Abilities
7 abilities form g
1. associative memory
2. number
3. perceptual speed
4. reasoning
5. verbal comprehension
6. word fluency
7. spatial
67
Guilford's Model of Intelligence
- rejected existence of g
- intelligence as 150 abilities in groups of
1. operations
2. contents
3. products
68
Guilford's operations abilities
- cognition
- memory
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Guilford's contents abilities
- visual, auditory, symbolic, behavioural
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Guilford's products abilities
- units
- transformations
- systems
- relations
71
Carroll's Hierarchical Structures of Intelligence
1. Stratum I = 69 specific cog abilities
2. Stratum II = fluid, crystal, memory, processing etc
3. Stratum III = g
72
CHC Model
- Cattell, Horn, Carroll Synthesis!
- Carroll's 3 stratum structure but with more abilities
- g accepted as theoretical construct (Horn doesn't believe it exists realistically but Carroll does)
73
Woodcock and Johnson
- most trusted intelligence test because based on psychological theory
74
Gardner's multiple intelligences
9 of them BUT not v scientific
1. linguistic
2. logic math
3. spatial
4. musical
5. body movement (kinaesthetic)
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. existentialist
9. naturalist
75
Sternberg's Triarchic Intelligences
1. analytic intelligence (mental steps to solve probs)
2. practical intelligence (street smarts)
3. creative intelligence
76
relation between brain and IQ
positive correlation between big brain size and IQ
BUT small effect size
77
reaction + inspection time and IQ
ECTs (elementary cog tasks)
- rxn time = response time over median
- inspection time = perceptual discrimination
smart people have faster rxn time and inspection time
78
process overlap theory
- smart people tend to do well in many different subjects not because of 'g factor' but because they have good executive processes
- working memory, attention, control etc
79
working memory correlation with IQ
high positive correlation between good working memory and fluid intelligence
80
edu outcomes on intelligence
- correlation between general intelligence and academic achievement
- slows down in high academic levels
81
occupational outcomes on intelligence
good performance is correlated with IQ
- high effect size with complex jobs
82
health outcomes and IQ
high chance of dying and cardiovascular disease when low IQ
83
correlations found in health behaviour and intelligence
1. physical fitness
2. low-sugar + fat diets
3. longevity
1. NO alcoholism
2. NO infant mortality
3. NO smoking
4. No obesity
ESPECIALLY for the poor (protective factor of low socio-economics)
84
Flynn effect
IQ scores increase over every decade
- fluid -> 15 pts
- crystal -> 9pts
85
explanations for Flynn effet
nutrition vs cog stimulation hypothesis
1. schooling
2. nutrition
3. test taking sophistication
4. partental rearing
5. visual + tech environment
86
The Bell Curve book
- intelligence is inherited
- difference in IQ scores between black and white people based on genetics
87
implicit intelligence theories
- diff cultures value and dev different kinds of intelligence
- Western IQ tests suck for diff cultures
- aboriginal kids did better in spatial + non-verbal IQ
88
gender differences in intelligence
- males score sig higher but small effect size
- males medium better at spatial
- no diff between men + women in verbal
89
bio explanations of men + spatial abilities
- evolution
- brain lateralisation + structure
- testosterone
90
social explanations on men + higher intelligence
1. stereotypes on sex outside of education
2. stereotypes on sex within education system
3. tech + socio-economic influence on intelligence in classroom
91
Can intelligence be taught? - Nickerson
1. experience effects on CNS
2. IQ changes over time
3. beliefs about intelligences can affect performance
4. motivation, practice + persistence
5. malleable working memory
6. education positive correlation on IQ
7. avg intelligence increases (Flynn effect)
92
Working memory improvement results?
- can be improved for tasks
- BUT little transference to other aspects of life
93
effect of education on IQ
- IQ improves 1-5 pts per year in education
94
4 factos of emotional intelligence
1. self-awareness
2. self-regulation
3. empathy
4. social skills
95
96
MSCEIT - what test is it
Mayer-Solovey-Caruso emotional intelligence test
- performance based (solve emo problems)
1. emotional perception
2. using emotions
3. understanding emotions
4. regulating emotions
97
SSEIT - what does it stand for
Schutte's self-report emotional intelligence test
98
ECI - what does it stand for
emotional competence inventory
- self report
- 350 degree tool
99
Bar-On Model of Emotional-social intelligence
- mixed model: ability + dispo features
- dispo features -> (optimism, self-regard, impulse control)
- measures:
*emo quotient inventory 2.0
*emo quotient 360
100
emo quotient inventory 2.0
individual's emotional intelligence
101
