Individual Differences Tutorial

Question 1

nomothetic paradigm

Answer 1

individual differences are from traits

• universal application

Question 2

idiographic paradigm

Answer 2

every person’s individual differences are from unique history and situation

• not generalisable

Question 3

dispositional approach

Answer 3

people are unchanging and consistent

• nomothetic

Question 4

categorical dispositional

Answer 4

• he is introverted
  / extroverted

Question 5

ordinal dispositional

Answer 5

he has extroversion score of 32

Question 6

phrenology

Answer 6

Franz Joseph Gall invented way of individual differences by measuring head to see how intelligent a kid is

Question 7

Eysecnk’s test to measure personality

Answer 7

EPQ-R

Question 8

Francis Galton

Answer 8

• father of individual psych
• made correlation and regression

Question 9

Alfred Binet

Answer 9

• developed first intelligence test

Question 10

Spearman

Answer 10

• g factor of general intelligence

Question 11

William Stern

Answer 11

• IQ developer

mental age / chronological age x 100

Question 12

Cattell

Answer 12

• factor analysis
• 16 personalit traits

Question 13

temperament

Answer 13

individual differences in reactivity and regulation influenced by genetics

Question 14

factors affecting temperament

Answer 14

1. genes
2. maturtion
3. experience + environment
4. culture
5. self-regulation + effortful control
6. gene-environment interaction

Question 15

Behavioural styles (Thomas + Chess)

Answer 15

• 9 diff categories

1. easy children
2. difficult children
3. slow to warm up

Question 16

goodness-of-fit

Answer 16

dev outcomes depend on how suited parenting is for the kids individual psychology

Question 17

EAS Plomin + Buss

Answer 17

temperament inherited and stays the same throughout life

1. emotionality
2. sociability
3. activity

Question 18

psychobio approach ( Rothbart)

Answer 18

temperament through emotional level and self-regulation

1. surgency/extroversion
2. negative affectivity
3. effortful control

Question 19

personality definition

Answer 19

unique and relatively stable behavioural patterns

Question 20

personality trait definition

Answer 20

stable qualities a person shows in most situations

Question 21

personality type definition

Answer 21

people who have several traits in common

• “he’s such a narcissistic personalty type”

Question 22

trait approach_

is it nomo/idio

is it disp/sit

Answer 22

• nomo
• dispositional

Question 23

behavioural + learning theories

is it nomo/idio

is it disp/sit

Answer 23

• nomothetic
• situational

Question 24

socio - cog theories

is it nomo/idio

is it disp/sit

Answer 24

• nomothetic
• dispositional (what your brain is made of) + situational ( what you learn from the people around you)

Question 25

psychoanalytic / psychodynamic is it nomo/idio is it disp/sit

Answer 25

- idiographic (case study type shi) - mostly dispositional (your father beat you as a child now you hate ALL horses)

Question 26

humanistic is it nomo/idio is it disp/sit

Answer 26

- ideographic -> everybody strives for different self idealisation - dispositional -> everyone has their inner core already that wants to get self-fulfilled

Question 27

bio foundation of Eysenck's psychoticism

Answer 27

neurochemical imbalances

Question 28

bio foundation of Eysenck's extraversion

Answer 28

reticular activating system that controls arousal - extroverts have lower baseline cortical arousal so they seek outside stimulus

Question 29

bio foundation of Eysenck's neuroticism

Answer 29

- autonomic nervous system more reactive in neurotics

Question 30

3 Criticisms of Eysenck

Answer 30

1. conceptual concern -> psychoticism 2. reductionism -> we are more than just 3 personality traits! 3. cultural generalisability -> test done on westerners so can we even do it in Asia?

Question 31

temperament reactivity

Answer 31

1. attention 2. affect 3. activity