Individual theories

Question 1

Freud believed that our childhood helps build 3 things but what were they

Answer 1

Id, Ego and Superego

Question 2

According the Freud what is the Id

Answer 2

Also known as the animal part of the mind. It is the selfish part and the pleasure seeking and drives us towards sex, food and sleep

Question 3

According to Freud what is the superego

Answer 3

it contains out conscience or moral rules. We build this with our parents during early socialisation in the family. This develops an internal voice like when out parents tell us no which tells us when its acceptable to do things

Question 4

What is the Ego according the Freud

Answer 4

saw our behaviour as a result of the struggle between the Id and superego. Due to the ego meaning “I” and pulls in opposing directions between the desires (Id) and conscience (superego) and balances demands

Question 5

How could a weak superego cause crime

Answer 5

Makes the individual feel less guilty about the anti social actions and less inhabited about acting on the IDs selfish needs

Question 6

To harsh and unforgiving superego will cause what

Answer 6

Creates deep guilt feelings in individual who then carves punishment as a release from the feeling. The person may engage in compulsive repeat offending in order to be punished

Question 7

A deviant superego causes crime how

Answer 7

This is when a child is successfully socialised, but into a deviant moral code. A son could have a good relationship with his criminal father and so he internalises his dathers crime values. So the superego would not influct guilt feelings on him for contemplating criminal acts

Question 8

What evidence is there for maternal deprivation

Answer 8

Study of 44 juvenile thieves who have been referred to a child guidance clinic. He found that 39% suffered maternal deprivation before the age of 5, compared with only 5% of control group of non-delinquents

Question 9

What does extraverted mean

Answer 9

personalities are outgoing, sociable, excitment-seeking, impulsive, carefree, optimistic, often aggressive, short-tempted and unreliable

Question 10

Introverted means your personality is what

Answer 10

reserved, inward-looking, thoughtful, serious, quite, self-control, pessimistic and reliable

Question 11

How would you be described if you were neurotic

Answer 11

Anxious, moody, often depressed and prone to over reacting, whereas emotionally stable personalities are calm, even-temptered, controlled and unworried

Question 12

Nervous system that needs high level of stimulation from their environment, so constant seek excitement.
Describes what

Answer 12

Extraverts

Question 13

Harder to condition into following society rules because their high anziety levels prevent them learning from punishment from their mistakes
Describes what

Answer 13

Neurotics

Question 14

Sutherland different association theory is a learning theory but what is Sutherland different association

Answer 14

individuals learn criminal behaviour largelt in the family peer group

Question 15

What do imitation mean

Answer 15

Criminal acts: indivduals can acquire criminals skills and techniques through observing those around them - when we send younger people to prison they will pick up on what the other prisoners are doing

Question 16

learned attitudes are what

Answer 16

Socialisation within the group exposes the individual attitudes and values about the law. Some of these may be favourable to the law and other unfavourable than favourable attitudes and values, they are more likely to become criminals

Question 17

what are examples of ‘white collar crime’ in Sutherlands differential association theory

Answer 17

found group attitudes in workplace often normalised criminal behaviour (for saying everyone doing it) so people try and justify it. This is because its normally done by people of power (position) commit the criminal

Question 18

What did skinner mean by behaviourism

Answer 18

Someone behaviour lies in reinforcement and punishment that shape it. Focus on behaviour shaped led to operant learning theory becoming known as behaviourism

Question 19

What is differential reinforcement theory

Answer 19

Skinner argues all behaviour is result of reinforcement and punishment, So then must explain criminal behaviour too

Question 20

What is social learning theory

Answer 20

That we learn from imitating others

Question 21

When looking into social learning theory what was Bandura curious to learn

Answer 21

if someone watches more violent videos that will be more violent

Question 22

What did Bandura do in his experiment

Answer 22

Had kids watch a video and then put them in the a room with bobo doll and see what they did

Question 23

What happened after the kids watched the video

Answer 23

That they were more violent after watching the video

Question 24

What criticisms did Bandura get after his experiment

Answer 24

Kids didnt know what they were doing until they watched the video

Question 25

What was changed after bandura criticisms

Answer 25

put half the kids into room who watched the video and half that didn't and looked at which group was more aggressive

Question 26

which group of kids was more aggressive

Answer 26

The ones that watched the video

Question 27

Criminal personality theory is a cognitive theory on crime but what is it

Answer 27

Psychologists Yochelson and Samenow applied that criminals are prone to faulty thinking which means they more likely to commit crime.

Question 28

What are thinking errors

Answer 28

Criminals show range of errors and biases in their thinking and decision-making includes lying, secretiveness, need for power, control, super-optimistic, failure to understand other position, lack of trust, uniqueness and victim to stance, Errors and bias lead the individual to commit crime

Question 29

How could close channel thinking lead to criminal behaviour

Answer 29

Active listening, self criticism and regular disclosure

Question 30

What is victim stance

Answer 30

People blame themselves, take personal responsibility for every action and outcome

Question 31

What happens when someone views themselves as a good person

Answer 31

Self disgust, honest and balance self-perception

Question 32

What happens when someone has lack of effort

Answer 32

Push oneself to do the difficult

Question 33

What happens to someone when they have lack of interest in responsible performance

Answer 33

Develop goals, learn from past

Question 34

Kohlbergs moral development theory is a cognative theory of crime but what does Kohlberg argue

Answer 34

Our ideas of right and wrong develop through a series of levels and stages through child to adulthood. 'pre-conventional' or pre-moral level we learn what is right and wrong simply in term of punishment or reward

Question 35

What does Kohlberg argument suggest criminal moral developments

Answer 35

stuck less mature level than everyone else. Likely to think solely in terms of whether their actions will lead to a reward or punishments. Rather how it will affect others