Infancy: Section 6

Question 1

What is the moro reflex?

Answer 1

Starfishing as result of being startled

Question 2

What is the Darwinian reflex?

Answer 2

Making a strong fist as a result of stroking palm

Question 3

What is the tonic neck reflex?

Answer 3

Extending one side of the body and constricting another when laid on back

Question 4

What is the Babinski reflex?

Answer 4

Foot fanks and twists when stroked

Question 5

What is the rooting reflex?

Answer 5

The baby turns its head and suckles when head is stroked

Question 6

What is the walking reflex?

Answer 6

Making walking motions as a result of being held right above the ground

Question 7

What is the swimming reflex?

Answer 7

Making swimming motions when faced down in water

Question 8

What happens when an infant receives analgesics?

Answer 8

Improves immunization responses and lowers distress with certain procedures

Question 9

What are a baby’s auditory preferences?

Answer 9

Mom’s voice, high-pitched talk, music and stories from utero

Question 10

What are a baby’s visual preferences?

Answer 10

They innately prefer faces despite blurry vision

Question 11

When do babies develop depth perception and color target vision?

Answer 11

2 months

Question 12

What is perceptual motor coupling?

Answer 12

The integration of movement and hearing/seeing (ex. rattle shakes which creates sound)

Question 13

Why is perceptual motor coupling important?

Answer 13

Integrates different systems and is a natural result of interacting with the world properly

Question 14

Does cephalo-caudal continue in infancy?

Answer 14

Yes, brain connection develops before other cells and grasping is obtained before walking

Question 15

Does proximo-distal (center-outward) continue in infancy?

Answer 15

Yes, babies look and roll over to the side often

Question 16

What is motor development like before 2 yrs old?

Answer 16

Myelination of neurons still developing - functionally, babies develop inside-out, up -down

Question 17

What is brain development like in small infants?

Answer 17

Brain weight quadruples and reaches 75% of total development by 2

Glial cells are responsible for use-it-or-lose-it and fire-together-wire-together functions

Question 18

What are sleep patterns in infants?

Answer 18

Sleep 18 hours a day and 50% of that is REM sleep

Question 19

What are risk factors for SIDS?

Answer 19

-abnormal serotonin functioning (breathing regulation)
-sleep apnea
-low birth weight
-not using a pacifier to sleep (soothes)
-siblings dying of SIDS
-low SES
-Cigarette smoke exposure
-Co-sleeping
-Soft bedding

Question 20

What are important food habits for infants?

Answer 20

Need to begin with drinking, then semisolid, then complex food and need to have food introduced one at a time (new food introduced early, ideally)

Question 21

Why is breast milk best for babies?

Answer 21

It lowers risk for gut infections, espritory track infections, wheezing, diabetes, weight management, and SIDS

Question 22

What is temperament?

Answer 22

Baby’s physiological reactivity - both genetic and biological, and affected by env

Question 23

What are temperament types?

Answer 23

Kagen: introvert vs extravert
Chess and Thomas: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up

Question 24

What factors are important for temperament?

Answer 24

Self regulation (v important for later mental wellness)
Behavioral inhibition

Question 25

What are the attachment types?

Answer 25

Secure: upset when cg leaves and happy when they come back Resistant: Upset when caregiver leaves and upset when they are back Avoidant: don't react to leaving or coming back Disorganized: inconsistent

Question 26

What is Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)?

Answer 26

Emotional withdrawal, fearful of nonthreatening interactions, unresponsiveness, emotional disturbance

Question 27

What is Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?

Answer 27

Excessive social interaction with unknown people, readiness to hug or leave with strangers, and ask strangers for comfort and food

Question 28

What is neurogenesis?

Answer 28

Process of creating new braincells, can be effected by poor/stressful env

Question 29

What is the nature of adversity in childhood?

Answer 29

Risk factors accumulate (many go hand in hand) and drastic increase of developmental and emotional delays/disabilities at 6+ mark (struggles snowball in many ways-negative cycles)

Question 30

How to ACEs (Adverse childhood experiences) impact neurological development?

Answer 30

Attachment disruptions affect physiology, like in Motif and Caspi (Gene XE combined w abuse = intellectual disability, but only w abuse present)

Question 31

What is the allostatic load?

Answer 31

(Bruce McEven) Cycle of stress and disturbance

Question 32

How do ACES affect development?

Answer 32

Trauma exposed kids have different dev trajectory - kids developmentally regress during times of stress

Question 33

How did Kaiser find links between emotional and physical health?

Answer 33

Unintentionally found correlations between health risks and trauma overtime as a main healthcare provider in San DIego

Question 34

Who is most affected by ACES?

Answer 34

Kids 0-3 experience the most maltreatment, the earlier the issues begin the worse the outcomes

Question 35

How does stress affect us?

Answer 35

Sympathetic nervous system releases cortisol and puts us in fight or flight

Question 36

What are the effects of cortisol?

Answer 36

Increases sugar in the bloodstream and brain, depresses immune system, atrophies dendrites overtime

Question 37

Why is holding objects important for babies?

Answer 37

Gives them multiple views of it to recognize them better

Question 38

Why is it better for baby to hold object than mom?

Answer 38

Babies can isolate the object in their heads when they alone hold it, optimal for name learning