Infant perceptual & motor development

Question 1

Perceptual development: vision

what is the least developed sense at birth?

Answer 1

vision
* newborns can distinguish visual forms if close enough
* 20/400 vision

Question 2

Perceptual development: vision

what is visual acuity?

Answer 2

sharpness of vision; clarity that fine details can be detected

Question 3

Perceptual Development: Vision

visual acuity at 6 months:

Answer 3

acuity approximates normal adult vision

Question 4

Perceptual Development: Vision

visual acuity at 8 months:

Answer 4

more interest in distant objects, tiny objects

Question 5

Perceptual Development: Vision

colour perception for a newborn:

Answer 5

prefer colour to grey

Question 6

Perceptual Development: Vision

colour perception for 2-4 month olds:

Answer 6

see full colour spectrum

Question 7

Perceptual Development: Vision

pattern perception for a newborn:

Answer 7

prefer patterns to plain stimuli

Question 8

Perceptual Development: Vision

pattern perception for 2 month olds:

Answer 8

prefer more complex patterns to simpler ones

Question 9

Perceptual Development: Vision

visual scanning at 1 month:

Answer 9

edges

Question 10

Perceptual Development: Vision

visual scanning at 2 months

Answer 10

internal features
* sticky fixation: difficulty disengaging visual attention away from one feature to focus on another

Question 11

Perceptual Development: Vision

visual scanning at 6 months:

Answer 11

adult-like scanning

Question 12

Perceptual Development: Vision

percieving parts vs. wholes

Cohen & Younger, 1983

Answer 12

not just edges & corners, but whole shape
* improves over 1st year

Question 13

Perceptual Development: Vision

perceiving parts vs. wholes for 4 month olds:

Answer 13

see subjective contours

Question 14

Perceptual Development: Vision

perceiving parts vs. wholes at 12 months:

Answer 14

recognise incomplete line drawings

Question 15

Perceptual Development: Vision

what is habituation?

Answer 15

A form of learning reflected in a decrease in the strength
of response to a repeated stimulus

Question 16

Perceptual Development: Vision

face perception: Nature

Answer 16

new borns track faces more than other stimuli

Johnson et al., 1991

Question 17

Perceptual Development: Vision

Face perception: Nurture

Answer 17

this bias gives them much experience with faces

Question 18

Perceptual Development: Vision

face perception for 2-4 month olds:

Answer 18

prefer more complex facial stimuli; prefer mother’s face; discriminate individual faces

Question 19

Perceptual Development: Vision

face perception for 5-12 month olds:

Answer 19

discriminate emotional expressions

Question 20

Perceptual Development: Vision

what is depth perception?

Answer 20

the ability to see things in 3 dimensions (length, width and depth)

Question 21

Perceptual Development: Vision

depth perception in 1 month olds

kinetic cues

Answer 21

kinetic cues are visual features that provide clues as to the distance of an object from the viewer

Question 22

Perceptual Development: Vision

depth perception in 3-5 month olds:

binocular cues

Answer 22

binocular cues are the images taken in by both eyes to give depth perception

Question 23

Perceptual Development: Vision

what is motion parallax?

Answer 23

motion parallax is when nearby objects appear to move faster than distance ones

Question 24

Perceptual Development: Vision

what is disparity?

Answer 24

disparity is when the brain percieves depth when combining slightly different angle from each eye

Question 25

# Perceptual Development: Vision depth perception in 3-7 month olds: | pictorial cues

Answer 25

Pictorial cues are visual cues or clues that provide information about depth and distance in a two-dimensional image

Question 26

# Perceptual Development: Vision what are the two types of pictorial cues? | depth perception

Answer 26

interposition * an object that overlaps another appears nearer linear perspective * parallel lines appear to converge in distance

Question 27

# Perceptual Development: Vision what is a visual cliff? | depth perception

Answer 27

involves an apparent, but not actual drop from one surface to another, originally created to test babies' depth perception | Gibson & Walk, 1960

Question 28

# Perceptual Development: Hearing what is an auditory threshold?

Answer 28

the quietest sound can hear | Aslin et al., 1998

Question 29

# Perceptual Development: Hearing auditory threshold: newborn babies

Answer 29

* newborns less sensitive than adults to quietest sounds * most sensitive to sounds in range of speech

Question 30

# Perceptual Development: Hearing what is soundn localisation?

Answer 30

the ability to identify the location of a sound source in a sound field | Musiek & Chermak 2015

Question 31

# Perceptual Development: Hearing sound localisation in newborns

Answer 31

newborn turn their heads towards sound

Question 32

# Perceptual Development: Hearing sound localisation in 7 month olds

Answer 32

7 month olds know when sounding object in dark is within reach

Question 33

# Perceptual Development: Hearing sound localisation in 2 year olds

Answer 33

adult-like

Question 34

# Perceptual Development: Hearing music to newborn babies:

Answer 34

newborns prefer music to non-melodic sounds

Question 35

# Perceptual Development: Hearing music to 4-6 month olds:

Answer 35

4-6 month olds prefer more common chords

Question 36

# Perceptual Development: Hearing music to 6 month olds:

Answer 36

distinguish western vs. non-western music scales

Question 37

# Perceptual Development: Hearing speech to newborn babies:

Answer 37

* they prefer to hear infant-directed speech * voice of mother > voice of stranger * familiar rhyme heard during last 6 wks of pregnancy vs. novel rhyme

Question 38

# Perceptual Development: Taste taste in newborn babies:

Answer 38

detect 4 main tastes from 2 hours old (& prefer sweet)

Question 39

# Perceptual Development: Taste taste in 4 month olds:

Answer 39

prefer salty to plain

Question 40

# Perceptual Development: Smell smell in newborns: | & 3 examples

Answer 40

newborns prefer familiar odours: * amniotic fluid * breast milk * perfume

Question 41

# Perceptual Development: Touch what can newborns feel? | 4 things

Answer 41

* pressure * texture * temperature * moisture

Question 42

# Perceptual Development: Touch what parts of newborns are most sensitive to touch?

Answer 42

face, hands and feet

Question 43

# Perceptual Development: Touch pain in newborns

Answer 43

* same pain receptors as adults

Question 44

# Motor Development: Newborn Reflexes what is a reflex?

Answer 44

a reflex is an involuntary response to external stimulation | McGraw, 1940

Question 45

# Motor Development: Newborn Reflexes what are **essential** reflexes for newborns | 4 reflexes

Answer 45

* rooting * sucking * swallowing * swimming

Question 46

# Motor Development: Newborn Reflexes what are **nonessential** newborn reflexes | 4 reflexes

Answer 46

* moro (startle) * gripping * stepping * babinski

Question 47

# Motor Development: Newborn Reflexes what is Cot death or SIDS | (SIDS = sudden infant death syndrome)

Answer 47

unexplained sudden death of an infant less than 1 year, usually during sleep

Question 48

# Motor Development: Newborn Reflexes what is the critical period for SIDS

Answer 48

newborns are at risk at 1-4 months when reflexes are wane

Question 49

# Motor Development: Newborn Reflexes what newborns are vulnerable from SIDS

Answer 49

* those who experienced physical problems from birth * those exposed to external stressors (smoking/sleep position)

Question 50

# Motor Development: Patterns what are the two main patterns in motor development?

Answer 50

* Cephalocaudal (head to tail) * Proximodistal (near to far)

Question 51

# Motor Development: Patterns what is cephalocaudal?

Answer 51

when motor control proceeds from head to toe

Question 52

# Motor Development: Patterns what is proximodistal?

Answer 52

when motor control proceeds from trunk to limbs

Question 53

# Motor Development: Sequence fine motor (hand) skills in newborns:

Answer 53

pre-reaching

Question 54

# Motor Development: Sequence fine motor (hand) skills in 3-4 month olds:

Answer 54

goal-directed reaching

Question 55

# Motor Development: Sequence fine motor (hand) skills in 5 month olds:

Answer 55

grasp anticipates object orientation

Question 56

# Motor Development: Sequence fine motor (hand) skills in 9 month olds:

Answer 56

anticipate object size

Question 57

# Motor Development: Sequence fine motor (hand) skill in 18 month olds:

Answer 57

tool use e.g. spoon to feed self