Atypical development Flashcards by Batho Dihemo

Main principles of developmental psychopathology

atypical behaviour is presented
these behaviours should be apparent in multiple environments
context of development is important

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is atypical behaviour?

behaviour that is unusual or deviates to what is considered typical/expected

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

atypical behaviour is presented

Compared to ‘typical’ behaviour
changes in maturation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

these behaviours should be apparent in multiple environments

if only seen in one environment, could be response to specific prompt/trigger
multiple environments = developmental difference

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

context of developnent is very important

lots of external factors may influence behaviours
symptoms/behaviour often vary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

developmental psychopathology

influences upon developmental trajectories

aetiology
neurobiology
cognition
behaviour

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is aetiology?

genetic and environmental influence that shape brain development, cognition and behaviour

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is cognition?

differences in how we think, percieve the world, process information etc.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is neurobiology?

differences in brain structure or function

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is behaviour?

overt characteristics that help to define typical and atypical disorders

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

atypical development can be described through?

multifinality & equifinality

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

equifinality

process where:
* different developmental trajectory
* same developmental outcome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

multifinality

process where:
* same developmental starting point
* development differs due to variance in environmental factors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

defining atypical development

definition of “atypical” debate

the debate revolves around how the word is defined and used in various contexts i.e. some people refer it as:
* brain development
* behavioural development

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do all definitions of atypical development emphasise?

all definitions emphasise that atypical development is dissimilar to recognised baseline of development

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

defining atypical development: cultural influences

collectivist cultures

members of society feel interdependent
group membership is valued over independence
core values are shared within society
deviation from these core values are recognised and responded to more quickly
social harmony is prioritised
personal goals are aligned with communal goals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

defining atypical development: cultural influences

individualist cultures

members of society feel independent
independence and uniqueness is valued over group membership
some core values are shared within society, but variation is common
deviation from core values is responded to less
self-supporting lifestyles prioritised
personal goals are prioritised over communal goals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what country employs a strong collectivist culture?

Korea: families are viewed as the core identity and trust in others is narrow (Van Hoorn, 2015)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

defining atypical development: cultural influences

individualist cultures

members of society feel independent
independence and uniqueness is valued over group membership
some core values are shared within society, but variation is common
deviation from core values is responded to less
self-supporting lifestyles prioritised
personal goals are prioritised over communal goals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what country employs a individualist culture?

the US employs a strong individualist culture. Developing the self is viewed as the core of identitiy and trust in others is high (Van Hoorn, 2015)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

relationship between atypical behaviour and collectivist cultures?

atypical behaviour is recognised more readily in collectivist cultures
attitudes towards atypical behaviour are less positive as it deviates from the norm

example of atypical behaviour and collectivist cultures (cultures in other countries)

2 countries (Asia)

in Chinese culture, it is seen as more desirable to inhibit overtly emotional displays (e.g. anger)
in Japanese culture, atypical children are expected to conform to group standards

relationship between atypical behaviour and individualist cultures

atypical behaviour is recognised less readily than in collectivist cultures
deviation from the norm is broader, so attitudes towards atypical behaviour are not as negative as within colletivist cultures

example of atypical behaviour and individual cultures (cultures in other countries)

2 countries (USA & Germany)

in American culture, children view social non-participation as less problematic and typically a result of one’s own prerogative
in German culture, diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder is significantly lower than in Japan

what is a reffering adult?

an adult who identifies atypical behaviour in a child and begins the process of diagnosis and treatment

# defining atypical development: referring adults racial bias | give three examples of racial bias (statistics)

* black teens 3x more likely to be arrested for misbehaviour than white teens * African-Americans more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia * Indegineous Australian children more likely to be diagnosed with speech disorders

# defining atypical development: referring adults social status bias | give three examples of social status bias

* middle-class British children more likley to receive dyslexia interventions * Children in rural Indian schools less likely to recieve ADHD diagnoses/treatment * African American and Hispanic children from poorer backgrounds more likely to receive disruptive behaviour diagnoses

# defining atypical development: referring adults mental health bias: anxiety and depression | 2 examples

* depressed or anxious parents are more likely to interpret unusual behavior negatively * social anxiety amongst Turkish parents predicts perceptions of developmental delay in their children

# defining atypical development: referring adults mental health bias: Post-traumatic stress disorder | 2 examples

* parents with PTSD report higher parenting stress and concerns with their child's development * mothers with PTSD more likely to perceive their baby's development as atypical

# defining atypical development: diagnosis indentifying atypicality | 4 steps

* deviation from the statistical norm * continuity over time * DSM-5 criteria met * Empirical analysis conducted

identifying atypicality: deviation from the statistical norm

identifying atypicality: continuity over time

* behaviour is atypical for the first few years, but one typicality is evident there is rapid development * atypical behaviour is consistent over time. Development is atypical

identiying atypicality: DSM-5 criteria met

DSM = diagnostic statistical manual

atypical behaviour in child hood: fussy eating | what is the DSM-5 diagnosable disorder

anorexia nervosa, avoidant/restrictive food intake

atypical behaviour in child hood: social withdrawl | what is the DSM-5 diagnosable disorder

social anxiety, selective mutism, depression

atypical behaviour in child hood: school refusal | what is the DSM-5 diagnosable disorder

generalised anxiety disorder

atypical behaviour in child hood: hypersensitivity | what is the DSM-5 diagnosable disorder

autism spectrum disorder, sensory processing disorder

atypical behaviour in child hood: bed wetting | what is the DSM-5 diagnosable disorder

post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder

atypical behaviour in child hood: repeated hand washing/self-cleaning | what is the DSM-5 diagnosable disorder

obsessive-compulsive disorder, dissociative disorder

identifying atypicality: empirical analysis conducted **externalising behaviours ** | add examples

behaviour does not match the demands of the environment * non-compliance * rule violation * aggression * disobedience

identifying atypicality: empirical analysis conducted **internalising behaviours **

behaviour is noticeably disengaged from the environment * fear * sadness * anxieties * loneliness

how are externalising behaviours explored?

by using: * observations * parent/teacher reports * experimental behaviour paradigms

how are internalising behaviours explored?

* self-report questionnaires * interviews

Outcomes of atypical development: From childhood to adulthood

1. adverse childhood experience -> delayed motor response 2. psychopathology -> atypical social cognition 3. low reward sensitivity -> less rewarding social relationships

# the role of caregivers parents, guardians, family members role for children who grow atypical | 4 things

* supportive and facilitative interactions * socioemotional caregiving * setting goals as a family * managing expectations and stress

teachers, nursery workers, play staff role for children who grow atypical | 4 things

* advanced pedagogical understanding * assiting in diverse skill development * awareness of range of atypical development * supportive to caregivers

# the role of society the role of social services, community officers etc. for those with atypical development | 4 things

* evidence-based approach * broader and more diverse support to both schools and families * mediation * challenging biases

the role of broader society for those with atypical development

* less rigid expectations upon 'normality' and a 'typical childhood * systems to remove prejudice * resources put in place

# case study ADHD | 4 KEY THINGS ABOUT IT

* most common behaviour disorder in the UK * estimated to affect 2-5% of school-aged children and young people * 65% still have some symptoms that affect their daily lives * by 25, 15% still have all symptoms

DSM-5 diagnoses criteria for ADHD

* persistent pattern of innattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity * hyperactive-impulsive or innattentive symptoms <12 years old * adults: similar but 5 symptoms * interference with appropriate functioning

ADHD: Innattention symptoms

* forgetful * easily distracted * difficulty sustaining attention * doesn't seem to litsent when spoken to directly

ADHD: hyperactivity symptoms

* often fidgets * talks rapidly * difficulty turn-taking * interrupts and intrudes on others