Infection And Repsonse

Question 1

What name is given to microorganisms that cause disease?

Answer 1

Pathogens

Question 2

Definition of communicable?

Answer 2

Can be passed from person to person.

Question 3

State 3 ways we can help prevent the spread of disease?

Answer 3

Wash hands.
Cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing.
Vaccinations.

Question 4

How do bacteria make you ill?

Answer 4

By producing inside body cells, causing damage.

Question 5

How do viruses make you ill?

Answer 5

Produce toxins which reproduce rapidly and damage cells.

Question 6

Ways to reduce measles?

Answer 6

Worldwide vaccination programme.
Isolation if you catch it.

Question 7

6 symptoms of measles?

Answer 7

Fever
Runny nose
Cough
Sore throat
Conjunctivitis
Rash

Question 8

Treatment for measles?

Answer 8

Vaccinations

Question 9

Ways to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS?

Answer 9

Condoms
Don’t share dirty needles.

Question 10

Symptoms of HIV/AIDS?

Answer 10

Won’t show for a while but eventually:
Fever
Chills
Rash
Muscle aches
Sore throat
Fatigue

Question 11

Treatment for HIV/AIDS?

Answer 11

Antiretroviral drugs.

Question 12

Ways to reduce the spread of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?

Answer 12

Good field hygiene.
Pest control.

Question 13

Symptoms of TMV?

Answer 13

Mosaic pattern.
Less green.
Less photosynthesis.

Question 14

Any treatment for TMV?

Answer 14

Not yet.

Question 15

What are the 5 first line of defence in the body?

Answer 15

Nose
Trachea
Eyes
Stomach
Skin

Question 16

How does the nose protect you?

Answer 16

Hair inside the nose.
Produces mucus.

Question 17

How does the trachea defend you?

Answer 17

Secretes mucus which can trap pathogens from the air.
Lining of the trachea is covered in cilia.

Question 18

How does the eyes defend you?

Answer 18

Produces tears which contains enzymes.

Question 19

How does the stomach defend you?

Answer 19

Hydrochloric acid, kills pathogens.

Question 20

How does the skin defend you?

Answer 20

Covers your entire body and acts as a barrier.
Produces antibacterial secretions.
Covered with microorganisms.

Question 21

What are the 3 roles of WBCs?

Answer 21

Ingesting microorganisms.
Producing antibodies.
Producing antitoxins.

Question 22

How can a tumour form?

Answer 22

A tumour can form when changes to cells cause uncontrolled cell division.

Question 23

Why might someone with cancer be tired?

Answer 23

Fewer red blood cells, which means less haemoglobin.
Less oxygen transported
Less respiration.
Less energy.

Question 24

Definition of hybridoma?

Answer 24

Cells that multiply in a lab that can be used to make a specific antibody.

Question 25

What are the 6 steps to produce monoclonal antibodies using mice?

Answer 25

Inject the virus into the mouse. Make a hybridoma. Cells are grown in a lab. Combine lymphocyte with tumour cell. Clone the cell. Hybridoma divides and produces the antibody.

Question 26

What is a monoclonal antibody?

Answer 26

identical copies of one type of antibody

Question 27

8 risk factors for cancer?

Answer 27

Alcohol Age Lifestyle Smoking Lack of exercise Sun exposure Bad diet Genes

Question 28

What is the difference between a malignant tumour and a benign tumour?

Answer 28

Malignant tumours spread to other tissues, benign doesn’t spread.

Question 29

How do some tumours spread to other parts of the body?

Answer 29

Tumours travel around the body via the bloodstream.

Question 30

Description of the process of vaccinations? (4 steps)

Answer 30

It contains a dead or an active form of the pathogen. Get an immune response. Specific antibodies produced. Exposed path again, so your body produces antibodies very quickly and kills pathogen before symptoms occur.

Question 31

Why can antibiotics not be used to treat viral infections?

Answer 31

They are only specific to bacteria.

Question 32

2 ways antibiotics work?

Answer 32

They combined to the cell wall of the bacteria and breakdown its cell wall. They can enter and bind to the ribosome so they cannot produce proteins. This will then kill the bacteria.

Question 33

Why is it difficult to test viral infections?

Answer 33

Viruses reproduced inside the cells of your body. It is very difficult to develop drugs that kill the viruses without damaging the cells and tissues in your body at the same time.

Question 34

What is placebo and why is a placebo given?

Answer 34

A fake drug that looks and tastes the same as the real drug. To see the affects on patients psychologically.

Question 35

Suggest 2 reasons why it is necessary for new drugs to undergo such testing?

Answer 35

To check for side effects. Being able to store it safely.