Infection And Responce Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
What are stents
A
Expandable tubes that hold arteries open to treat coronary heart disease
2
Q
Advantages of stents
A
Last long
Quick surgery
3
Q
Disadvantages of stents
A
Can cause blood clots
Anti clotting drugs need to be taken
Risks of surgery
4
Q
What are Statins
A
Medication that decreases bad cholesterol to treat consonant heart disease
5
Q
Advantages of statins
A
No surgery required
6
Q
Disadvantages of statins
A
Cause headaches
Can cause kidney failure
7
Q
How is coronary heart disease caused
A
- Fatty deposits build up in coronary arteries
- This prevents oxygenated blood from reaching the heart muscle through the blocked artery
- This causes the heart muscle cells to die, causing heart attacks
8
Q
What is cancer caused by
A
Incontrôlable mitosis of cancer cells
9
Q
What are benign tumours
A
Cancer cells in casing
Non- cancerous
10
Q
What are malignant tumours
A
Cancerous, spread through the blood
11
Q
What is a carcinogen
A
Something that increases the risk of cancer
12
Q
Health definition
A
State of physical and mental well-being
13
Q
Communicable disease meaning
A
A disease that can be spread from one person to another (e.g. HIV/AIDS)
14
Q
Non-communicable disease meaning
A
A disease that cannot be press from one person to another (e.g. diabetes)
15
Q
What are risk factors
A
Something that increases the likelihood of a person developing a certain disease, like lifestyle and substances in their body/environment
16
Q
What is a risk factor for lung cancer
A
Smoking
17
Q
What is a risk factor for heart disease
A
Unhealthy diet
18
Q
What is a risk factor for asthma
A
Air pollution
19
Q
What is a risk factor for cancer
A
UV radiation
20
Q
What is a risk factor for liver disease
A
Alcohol
21
Q
What is a risk factor for developing a weak immune system
A
Stress/exhaustion
22
Q
What is a risk factor for immune system damage
A
HIV/AIDS
Immunosuppressants
23
Q
What is a risk factor for communicable diseases
A
Age
24
Q
What is a risk factor for rickets
A
Malnutrition
25
What is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes
High sugar diet
26
What is a pathogen
A microorganism that causes diseases
27
What are bacteria
Prokaryotic
Produces toxins that damage tissues
Can replicate very quickly in human bodies
28
What are viruses
Acellular particles
DNA/RNA surrounded by a protein coat
Reproduce quickly inside host cells causing damage
29
What are Protists
Eukaryotic organisms (mostly single celled)
Some are parasites that live on/in other organisms, transfered by vector
30
What are fungi
Eukaryotic organisms (single celled or made from hyphae)
Penetrate skin and cause disease
Produce spores to spread
31
How are pathogens spread
Air
Water
Bodily fluids
Contact
Vectors
32
What pathogen is Salmonella
Bacteria
33
What are symptoms of salmonella
Fever
Abdominal cramps
Diarrhoea
34
How is salmonella spread
Consumption of infected meat
35
How can salmonella spread be prevented
Chickens are vaccinated
Meat should be cooked thoroughly
36
What type of pathogen is HIV
Virus
37
What are the symptoms of HIV
Flu-like
Decreased immune response
38
How is HIV spread
Sexual contact
Exchange of bodily fluids
39
How can HIV spread by prevented
Condoms
Anti-retroviral drugs to control infection
40
What type of pathogen is measles
Virus
41
What are the symptoms of measles
Fever
Red skin rash
42
How is measles spread
Inhalation of droplets from sneezing and coughing
43
How can measle spread be prevented
Vaccination of children
44
What type of pathogen is rose black spot
Fungus
45
What are the symptoms of rose black spot
Purple/black spots on leaves
Stunted growth
46
How is rose black spot spread
Direct contact of infected gardening tools on leaves
47
How can the spread of rose black spot be prevented
Use fungicides
Destroy infected leaves
48
What type of pathogen is gonorrhoea
Bacteria
49
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea
Thick yellow/green discharge from penis/vagina
50
How is gonorrhoea spread
Sexual contact
51
How can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented
Condoms
Antibiotics to treat infection
52
What type of pathogen is malaria
Protist
53
What are the symptoms of malaria
Recurrent episodes of fever
54
How is malaria spread
Mosquito vector
55
How can the spread of malaria be prevented
Mosquito nets/repellant
56
Physical human defences against pathogens
Skin - physical barrier, produces oil to repel pathogens
Saliva/tears - contain antimicrobial enzymes
Mucous membranes - produce mucous to trap microorganisms
Cilia - waft mucous to back of throat to be swallowed
Hydrochloric acid in stomach - kills bacteria/pathogens
57
What is a white blood cell
A cell that forms part of the immune system and helps defend the body against diseases
58
What is an antigen
A molécule on the surface of the cell, will trigger an immune response if foreign
59
What are the 3 ways white blood cells fight microorganisms
1. Engulf and digest through phagocytosis
2. Produce antitoxins which neutralise toxins produced by bacteria
3. Produce proteins called antibodies which are specific to the foreign antigens on pathogens and bind to them, this clumps pathogens together and kills them
60
What do antibiotics do
Kill bacteria/prevent bacteria growth
They target structure only found in prokaryotic cells
61
What do antiseptics do
To clean a wound (not ingested)
62
What do painkillers do
Reduce pain 🍞
63
What do antivirals do
Treat/destroy viruses
64
What do antiretrovirals do
Help control the infection of HIV
65
Pros of vaccines
Leads to eradication of diseases
Protects vulnerable people through herd immunity
66
Cons of vaccines
Side effects
Not always effective
Encourages risky behaviour
67
What disease have humans eradicated
Smallpox
68
How do vaccines work
1. A vaccine is an injection of dead/inactive pathogens of pathogen antigens
2. White blood cells detect the foreign antigens and produce specific antibodies for the antigens
3. The antibodies don’t remain in the body but memory cells do
4. If re-infected memory cells can rapidly produce lots of white blood cells producing these specific antibodies
5. This means the pathogen is killed so quickly that symptoms are not felt
69
What was aspirin developed from
Willow plant
70
What was digitalis developed from
Foxgloves
71
What was pencilin developed from and by who
Fungus (mould)
First antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming
72
What are new drugs developed from
Plants
Microorganisms
Synthetic chemicals
73
What is antibiotic resistance
Mutations in bacteria DNA that makes them resistant to antibiotics
74
How can we prevent antibiotic resistance
Finish complete course of antibiotics
Reduce use
Don’t prescribe for mild infections
Don’t prescribe for viral infections
75
What is thalidomide
Developed in 1950s as a sleeping pill
Eventually prescribes for morning sickness but caused birth defects in babies
Now used to treat leprosy
76
Stages of drug development
1. Screening chemicals, designing molecules to treat a specific disease
2. Possible drugs are made in a lab
3. In vitro screening - tested on tissues cultures or organs
4. Tested on animals to see side effects and dosage
5. Tested on healthy human volunteers
6. Tested on a small number of patients with disease
7. Tested on a large number of patients with disease
8. The drug becomes licensed and prescrible
9. Doctors continue to monitor medicines over time
77
What is toxicity
How toxic a drug is (side effects)
78
What are pre-clinical trials
Drugs development in lab and animal testing
79
What are clinical trials
Testing on humans
80
What is efficacy
How well a drug works
81
What is in vitro testing
In a dish in a lab
82
What is in vivo testing
Testing on a whole living organism
83
What is a placebo
An inactive substance made to resemble a drug for researchers to use as a control
84
What are single blind trials
When Volunteers do not know if they have the placebo or the drug
85
What are double blind trials
When Volunteers and doctors do not know who has the placebo or drug (avoids bias)
86
What is peer review
Prevents false claims by reviewing data (prevents bias)
