Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the features of viruses and how do they infect

A

very small
move into cells and use the biochemistry of it to make copies of itself
leads to cells bursting and releasing all of the copies into the bloodstream
damage and destruction of the cells make the individual feel ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the features of bacteria

A

small
multiply very quickly through binary fission
produce toxins that damage cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the features of protists

A

some are parasitic, meaning they use humans and animals as their hosts (live on and inside, causing damage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the features of fungi

A

can be either single called or have a body made of hyphae
can produce spores which can be spread to other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how are communicable diseases spread

A

direct contact
water
air (droplets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how can the spread of pathogens be limited

A

improving hygiene
reducing contact with infected individuals
removing vectors
vaccinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why are viruses dangerous

A

they can enter all types of cells, and scientists are yet to develop a medicine to cure them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the symptoms of measles

A

fever and red skin rash, can lead to other problems such as pneumonia, encephalitis and blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how are measles spread

A

droplet infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how are measles prevented

A

vaccinations for young children to reduce transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the symptoms of HIV

A

flu like symtoms, then the virus attacks the immune system and leads to aids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is hiv spread

A

sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is hiv prevented

A

spread = condoms, not sharing needles, screening blood
development of aids= antiretroviral drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus

A

a plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus

A

discolouration of leaves
affected part of leaf cannot photosynthesise resulting in reduction of the yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is tobacco mosaic virus spread

A

contact between diseased and healthy plants
insects as vectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is tobacco mosaic virus prevented

A

good field hygiene and pest control
growing TMW resistant strains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is salmonella

A

bacteria that live in the gut of different animals, which are ingested when we eat meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella

A

fever, stomach cramps, vomiting,
diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is salmonella spread

A

bacteria found in raw meat and eggs, unhygienic conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how is salmonella prevented

A

poultry are vaccinated against salmonella
keep raw meat away from cooked food
avoid washing it
wash hands and surfaces when handling it
cook food thoroughly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis
pain when urinating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is gonorrhoea spread

A

sexually transmitted disease spread through unprotected sexual contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how is gonorrhoea prevented

A

using contraception
antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the symptoms of rose black spot
purple or black spots on leaves of rose plants reduces area of leaf available for photosynthesis leaves turn yellow and drop early
26
how is rose black spot spread
spores of the fungus are spread in water (rain) or by wind
27
how is rose black spot prevented
using fungicides or stripping the plant of affected leaves
28
what is malaria
protist pathogens that enter red blood cells and damage them
29
what are the symptoms of malaria
fevers , shaking
30
how is malaria spread
vector is female anopheles mosquito where the protists reproduce sexually when mosquito punches the skin to feed on blood the protists enter the human bloodstream via their saliva
31
how is malaria prevented
insecticide coated insect nets while sleeping removing stagnant water to prevent vectors from breeding taking antimalarial drugs to kill parasites that enter the blood
32
what is the non specific defence system
system that works to prevent pathogens from entering the body
33
what is the role of the skin in the defence system
acts as a physical barrier produced antimicrobial secretions to kill pathogens good microorganisms known as skin flora compete with the bad microorganisms for space and nutrients
34
what is the role of the nose in the defence system
hairs and mucus which prevents particles from entering your lungs
35
what is the role of the trachea and bronchi in the defence system
secrete mucus in order to trap pathogens cilia beat to waft mucus upwards so it can be swallowed
36
what is the role of the stomach in the defence system
produces hydrochloride acid that kills any pathogens in your mucus, food or drink
37
what does the specific immune system do
acts to destroy any pathogens which pass through the non specific immune system to the body
38
what is a large part of the specific immune system
white blood cells
39
what three things can white blood cells do
phagocytosis producing antibodies producing antitoxins
40
how does phagocytosis protect you
destroys pathogens meaning they cannot make you feel ill
41
how does producing antibodies protect you
each pathogen has an antigen on their surface once antibodies begin to bind to the pathogens, they clump together making it easier for WBCs to find them if you become infected again the specific antibodies will be produced at a faster rate the individual is said to be immune and will not feel symptoms of the illness
42
how does producing antitoxins protect you
neutralise the toxins released by the pathogen by binding to them
43
how do vaccinations work
contain a dead or weakened form of a pathogen stimulates the white blood cells to produce antibodies complementary to the antigens on the pathogen
44
what are the advantages of vaccination
eradicated many diseases so far epidemics can be prevented through herd immunity
45
what are the disadvantages of vaccination
not always effective in providing immunity bad reactions can occur in response to vaccines
46
what are antibiotics
medicines that kill bacterial pathogens inside the body without damaging body cells they cannot kill viruses as they use body cells to reproduce meaning any drugs that target them would affect body tissue too
47
what do painkillers do
only treat the symptoms of the disease rather than the cause
48
what is a concern of antibiotics
bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics mutations can occur during reproduction resulting in certain bacteria no longer being killed by antibiotics when these bacteria are exposed to antibiotics only the non resistance ones die the resistant bacteria survive and reproduce meaning the population of resistant bacteria increases
49
how do we stop development if resistant strains of bacteria
stop overusing antibiotics finishing courses of antibiotics to kill all of the bacteria
50
why do antibiotics not work when there is a mutation?
only the non resistant bacteria die the resistant bacteria survive and reproduce to its population increases
51
what do drugs need to be tested for?
toxicity, efficacy and dose
52
how do drugs get tested?
preclinical testing and clinical trials
53
how can plants be used in drugs
the chemicals that plants use to kill pests and pathogens can be used to treat symptoms or human diseases
54
what is aspirin used as and where does it come from?
painkiller and from willow
55
how is digitalis used and where is it from
used to treat heart problems and originates from foxgloves
56
how was penicillin discovered
alexander fleming was growing bacteria on plates he found penicillin mould with clear rings around indicating there was no longer bacteria there he found that the mould was producing penicillin which killed bacteria
57
what does preclinical testing do
using cells , tissues and live animals
58
what does clinical testing do
using volunteers and patients
59
what is the process of drug testing
first tested on healthy volunteers with a low dose so there aren't harmful side effects drugs are tested on patients to find the most effective dose patients are split into placebo or drug receivers to view the effect results are peer reviewed to check for repeatability
60
what is a single blind trial
only the doctor knows whether the patient is receiving the drug
61
what is a double blind trial
neither the patient or doctor knows who is receiving the drug so there are no biases
62
what are monoclonal antibodies?
identical antibodies that have been produced from the same immune cell.
63
how are monoclonal antibodies produced
- scientists obtain mice lymphocytes - they are combined with tumour cells to form a hybridoma - the hybridoma produces clones of itself - the antibodies are collected and purified
64
where are monoclonal antibodies used?
pregnancy tests laboratories to measure hormone/chemical levels research treatment for disease
65
how are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests
hormone called HCG is in urine of pregnant women - one section of the stick has mobile antibodies complementary to hcg. attatched to blue beads - second section has stationary antibodies complementary to hcg hormone which are stuck down to stick - woman urinates on first section and if hcg is present it binds to mobile antibodies to form hcg/ antibody complexes
66
how are monoclonal antibodies used in labs
- the monoclonal antibodies are modified so that they will bind to the molecule that you are looking for - the antibodies are bound to a fluorescent dye - if the antibodies bind to molecules in sample , the dye can be seen
67
how are monoclonal antibodies used for cancer treatment
-produce monoclonal antibodies that bind to tumour markers to stimulate immune system to attack the cell - using m a to bind to receptor sites on the cell surface membrane of cancer cells. growth stimulating molecules can't bind so cell can't divide -m a to transport toxic drugs , chemicals or radioactive substances as they can only bind to cancer cells
68
advantages of using monoclonal antibodies
- they bind to specific cells, meaning healthy cells are not affected -they can be engineered to treat many different conditions -we are able to produce mouse human hybrid cells to reduce the chance of triggering an immune response
69
disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies
- it is difficult to attach monoclonal antibodies to drugs -they are expensive to develop - can trigger an immune response in humans because they are made from mice lymphocytes
70
what kind of issues can plants have
viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens
71
what are the common signs of plant diseases
stunted growth spots on leaves areas of decay abnormal growth malformed stems or leaves discolouration pests on leaves
72
what does stunted growth in plants indicate
nitrate deficiency
73
what does spots on leaves in plants indicate
black spot fungus on roses
74
what does abnormal growths indicate for plants
crown galls caused by bacterial infection
75
what does malformed stems or leaves indicate in plants
aphid infestation
76
what does discolouration indicate in plants
magnesium deficiency or tobacco mosaic virus
77
how can you identify the disease a plant has
using a gardening manual or website identifying the pathogen by observing the infected plant in a laboratory using monoclonal antibodies in testing it to identify the pathogen
78
what are the three plant diseases
tobacco mosaic virus (viral disease) black spot (fungal disease) aphids
79
how does nitrate deficiency stunt growth
nitrates in soil convert sugars made in photosynthesis into proteins these proteins are needed for growth
80
how does magnesium deficiency cause chlorosis in plants
magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll this pigment is green and its vital in photosynthesis if less is made parts of leaves appear yellow + green (chlorosis)
81
what are the physical plant defences
tough waxy cuticle stops entry into leaves cellulose cell walls form a physical barrier into the cells plants have layes of dead cells around stems. the dead cells fall off with the pathogens
82
what is the reason for physical defences in plants
to prevent the invasion of microorganisms
83
what is the reason for chemical defences in plants
to deter predators or kill bacteria
84
what are examples of chemical plant defences
poisons deter herbivores antibacterial compounds kill bacteria
85
what are mechanical defences in plants
thorns and hairs leaves droop or curl when touches mimicry to trick animals

Biology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions