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infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

whats are pathogens?

A

-microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

what does bacteria do to your body?

A

-the very small cells
-make you feel ill by producing toxins, that damage your cells and tissues

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3
Q

are viruses cells?

A

no - much smaller

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4
Q

how do viruses make you feel ill?

A

-replicate themselves
-burst + reproduce rapidly
=cell damage makes you feel ill

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5
Q

what are protists?
-eukaryotic cells

A

some are paristes = live inside other organisms & damage them

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6
Q

how are parasites transfered?

A

-vectors e.g animals

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7
Q

what is fungi?

A

-single celled
-made up of hyphae

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8
Q

what can hyphea do?

A

-grow & penetrate human skin or plants = causing disease

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9
Q

name 3 ways pathogens can be spread?

A

-air
-water
-direct contact

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10
Q

what are measles?
how is it spread?

A

-viral disease
-water droplets in coughs/sneezes

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11
Q

name 4 side effects of measles?

A

red skin rash, fever
bad = pneumonia, inflamination of brain

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12
Q

what is HIV?
how is it spread?

A

VIRUS
sexual contact, share needles, exchange of bodily fluids

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13
Q

symptoms of HIV?
how do you control HIV?

A

-flu like
-take antiretroviral drugs = prevents virus REPLICATING in body

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14
Q

what TOBACCO MOSIAC VIRUS(TMV)?

A

virus which affects many plamt species e.g tomatoes

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15
Q

side affects of TMV?

A

plants become partoally discloured
= no photosynthessis = growth stopped

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16
Q

how can gardeners reduce fungal disease?

A

-add fungicides = destroys it

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17
Q

how is malaria transferred?

A
  • by vectors = mosqito travsles w in
    -when they feed of anoth organism = inserts it into this
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18
Q

name 2 bactraial diseases?

A

-salmonella
-gonorrhoea

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19
Q

exexplain what gonorrhea is STD?
how is it transferred?

A

cuased by bacteria
sexual contact

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20
Q

side affects of having gonorrhea?

A

-pain when urinating
-think yellow/green discharge

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21
Q

how to treat / PREVENT STDS?

A

originally treated w PENICILLIN
-now antibiotics
use barrier methods

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22
Q

give 4 ways spreading diseases could be prevented?

A

-being hygenic
-destroying vectors
-isolates infected individuals
-vacinations

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23
Q

how does the skin act as a defence system?

A

-physical barrier also secretes antimicrobial substances

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24
Q

how does the hair and mucus in nose act as a defence system?
trachea & bronchi?

A

-traps potential pathogens
-CILLIA = wafts the pathogens to the back of the throat where they can be swalloed

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25
how does the stomach act as a defence system?
-cintains dilute HCL = kills any pathogens from the mouth
26
what os the main component of the immune system?
-white blood cells
27
how do B lymphosytes consume FOREIGN PATHOGENS?
-white blood cells engulf and dijest them = PHAGCYTOSIS
28
how does the body produce antibodies?
-when a foreign antigen = body will start to produce ANTBODIES ( proteins) -white blood cells find and destroy them -anitbodies then produce rapidly -so u become NATURALLY IMUNE
29
what are is the name of white blood cells which produce antibodies?
B -lymphocytes
30
what does the producing of antiTOXINS do?
counteract toxins by produced by INVADING THE BACTERIA
31
what do vaciantions protect?
-future infection
32
what do vacinations involve?
-injects small amounts of dead/inactive pathogens -these carry antigens which cause your body to produce antibodies to attack them (may you will become naturally immune)
33
what do vacinations involve if the pathogen comes back again?
the white blood cells will RAPIDLY produce antibodies to killl them
34
pros of vacinations?
-controlls lots of communicable diseases -e.g smallpox is no longer a thing -prevents epidemics = large outbreaks
35
cons of vacination
-sometimes dont give you immunity -can give you a bad raction
36
what do pain killers?
-relive pain but dont acc kill pathogens -reduce symptoms
37
what do antibiotics d0 ? what has it reduced?
kill / repevent bacteria number if communciable diseases caused by bacteria
38
but what do antibiottics not destroy?
-dont kill viruses
39
how can bacteria become resistant to antibotics?
bcuz the bacteria can mutate = some of the mutations may become resistant to antibiotics
40
if bacteria becomes resistant what does this mean for the body?
infection will get worse stain increases
41
name 2 dugs which come from plants to defend pathogens and relive symptoms?
-aspirin (pain killer, loweres fever founf in willows) -digitalis (treats heart conditons , developed in fox gloves)
42
name the drug which is exracted form microorganisms
mould = produces a substance which kills bacteria
43
what are antibodies produced by?
B - lymphocytes(type of white blood cell)
44
what do monoclonal antibodies produce?
produces lots of clones of a specific single white blood cell only targets 1 specific protein antigen
45
explain how monoclonal antibodies 'clone' to make identical copeies? using the e.g of a mouse
B lymphocytes fuse with TUMOR cells =hybridoma HYBRIDOMA cells can be cloned to produce LOTS MORE AND RAPIDLY of monoclonal antibodies to kill foreign pathogen
46
how are monoclonal antibodies used to show positve pregnancy tests?
1. wee onto strip which has antibodies on for the antibodies w blue beads 2.if pregnant the hormone HCG in urine will bind to antibodies move up stick = carries horones and blue beads up stick = positive = blue
47
how are monoclonal antibodies used to show negative pregnancy tests?
has nothing to bind to beads and hormone goes straight pass doenst bind=no colour
48
how can monoclonal antibodies treat diseases? e.g cancer
anti-cancer drug is attachted to monolonal antibody =radioactive substance/toxiv drug stops cancer cells divididing/gorwing -->kills them not not none cancerous antibodies tho
49
name 3 things monoclonol antibodies can do?
-bind to hormones/chemicals in blood to measure levels -test blood smaples for certain pathogens -locat specific molecules i cells or tissue
50
how do monoclonal antibodies locate specific molecules in cells/tissues?
-MONOCLONAL antibodies will bind to specific molecules -then antibodies bind to fluorescent dye -MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES WILL THEN ATTACH to antibodies and dye=able to detect it
51
advantages of monoclonal antibodies for body:
-kills cancer cells ( doesnt affect any other non cnacerous cells) -targets specific cells
52
give some problems of monoclonal antibodies:
-fever vommitting low blood pressure =cause MORE SIDE AFFECTS than origanlly expected
53
in plants what does a lack of nitrates mean?
STUNTED GROWTH = needed to make proteins which is needed for growth
54
if there is a lack of mgnesium ions mean? (used to make chlorophyll)
no photosynthesis would occur =YELLOW leaves and suffer from CHLOROSIS
55
name the 6 symptoms of plants which have diseases?
-decay -stuted growth -discolouration -spots -abnormla growth -malformed stems
56
name 3 ways you can identify signs?
-look it up in gradening mannual/site -labs -testing kits using monoclonal antibodies
57
explain the physical defences of plants:
-waxy cuticle -cell walls(made from cellulose) -layers of dead cells = all form a barrier to stop pathogens entering
58
explain the chemical defences of plants:
some produce ANTIBACTERIAL chemicals which kill bacteria e.g mint some produce poisons to stop herbivlored consuming plants e.g foxgloves
59
explain the mechanical defences of plants:
thorn sand hairs stop animals eating it sm drop/curl when sm touches it = knocks insect off mimic otherorgnanims e.g passion flower has bright spots = mimic butterfly eggs
60
explain stage 1 of drug testing? (preclincal testing)
-drugs are tested on human cells and tissues IN THE LAB
61
explain stage 2 of drug testing? (preclincal testing)
-test drugs on live animals =to test efficacy ( if drug WORKS, find out its TOXICTY and find best DOSAGE)
62
what does the british law state abt stage 2 of preclinicnal testing?
-has 2 be on 2 different live mammals =safest way
63
explain stage 3 of drug testing? CLINICAL trial
-now tested on human volunteers in a CLINICAL TRIAL -tested of healthy ones to check for side affects -very low dose -if that goes well = tested on ill ppl & OPTIMUM DOSAGE is found
64
explainn the placebo affect/test?
-ppl put into 2 groups -one given drug 1 given placebo = to see the differnece the acc drug makes CLINical trials are often DOUBLE BLIND (pateint or doctor dont know whos got placebo) -->so results arent subconsiesly influenced by own knowledge

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