hormonal co-ordination in animals & plants

Question 1

what is the endocrine system made up from?

Answer 1

endocrine glands - which secrete hormones

Question 2

what does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 2

thyroxine

Question 3

what is the job of thyroxine?

Answer 3

regulates the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

Question 4

what does the adrenal gland produce?

Answer 4

produces an adrenaline
-fight or flight

Question 5

what does the pancreas produce?

Answer 5

insulin & glucagon

Question 6

what does insulin do?

Answer 6

regulates the blood glucose level

Question 7

what does the pituitary gland produce?

Answer 7

-it produces many hormones
-which regulates body conditions

Question 8

what do ovaries produce?

Answer 8

-oestrogen

Question 9

what is oestrogen involved with?

Answer 9

-the menstrual cycle

Question 10

what do testes produce?

Answer 10

testosterone

Question 11

what is testosterone involved with?

Answer 11

-puberty and sperm production

Question 12

list 3 facts abt nerves? (compared to hormones)

Answer 12

-FAST action
-act for a very SHORT TIME
-acts on PRECISE AREA

Question 12

lise 3 facts abt hormones? (compared to nerve)

Answer 12

-SLOWER action
-act for a LONG TIME
-act in a more GENERAL WAY

Question 13

normal______of cells remove glucose from blood?

Answer 13

metabolism

Question 14

what removes ALOTTTT of glucose from blood?

Answer 14

vigorous exercise

Question 15

what is excess glucose converted to and where is it stored?

Answer 15

-glycagon
-liver

Question 16

what hormone is used when the blood glucose level is to high or low?

Answer 16

insulin-secreted by the pancreas

Question 17

what is added to blood when the glucose level is too HIGH?

Answer 17

insulin is added

Question 18

what is added to blood when the glucose level is too LOW?

Answer 18

glucagon

Question 19

descreibe what happens when blood glucose levels r too high?

Answer 19

-insulin gets secreted by pancreas into blood
-insulin makes glucose—> glycogen
-blood containg insulin and glycogen diffuses into liver

Question 20

what happens when blood glucose levels r too low?

Answer 20

-glucagon secreted by pancreas in to blood
-glucagon converts glycogen—>glucose IN THE LIVER
-then glucose diffuses into blood

Question 21

what happens if u have type 2
diabetes? - insulin

Answer 21

-body becomes resistant to it

Question 22

what happens in type 1 diabetes-insulin?

Answer 22

pancreas secretes little to none insulin
-Insulin therapy cn be used

Question 23

what makes urine/how?

Answer 23

removes waste products of of your blood.
-substance are FILTERED OUT of blood and passe through kidneys
-= FILTRATION

Question 24

what process are usefull substances like glucose, some ions and some water absprbed back into the blood by?

Answer 24

selective reabsorbtion

Question 25

name 3 substances that ur body removes thats in urine?

Answer 25

-water -ion -urea

Question 26

how is urea made?

Answer 26

-amino acids------> carbohydrates and fats -(deamination-in liver) -this produces toxic amonia -quickly ocnverts to urea in liver--->kindneys where its filtered out the blood and excreted as urine

Question 27

name the hormone which controls the concentration of urine?

Answer 27

ADH - anti-diuretic hormone - secreated inot blood steam by pitratary gland

Question 28

what does the ADH monitor?

Answer 28

- water content in blood

Question 29

if water content is too high what happens? -ADH

Answer 29

-pituratary gland releases LESS ADH =vice versa

Question 30

name 2 things which occur if kidneys dont work properly?

Answer 30

-waste products build up in blood -lose abilty to control water+ion levels in body (CAN END IN DEATH)

Question 31

name 2 methods which can fix kidney failure?

Answer 31

-transpant -diaylisis machine

Question 32

what does the dialysis machine do?

Answer 32

removes waste products e.g excess water, excess ions and all urea by DIFFUSION throught the partially permaeable dialysis membrane

Question 33

disadvantages of dialysis

Answer 33

-time consuming -blood clots-can be prevented with anticoagulants -3-4 days a week - 3-4 hours -expensive -needs it whole life

Question 34

why can donor kidneys be rejected?

Answer 34

-donor kidney cells can be recognised as foreign = immune system will attack it

Question 35

adavantages of donor kindeys?

Answer 35

-leads to normal life -long term low cost -80% sucsess rate

Question 36

disadvantages of donor kidneys

Answer 36

-tissue matching essential -needs to be repeated after 10 years -needs to take immunosuppresents for life

Question 37

explain the stages 1&2 of the menstraul cycle?

Answer 37

1 = starts, uterus lining breaks down for abt 4 days 2=uterus lining builds up agian, thick ready to recieve a fertillised egg

Question 38

explain stages 3-4 of menstrual cycle?

Answer 38

3-egg develops and is released (ovulation) 4-wall is then maintaned if no egg comes until utuerus lining breaks down again.

Question 39

what 4 hormones in the M cycle controlled by?

Answer 39

-oestrogen -progesterone -FSH-follicle stimulating hormone -LH- luteninsing hormone

Question 40

what does FSH do in menstrual cycle? stage 1

Answer 40

produced in pituary glands -causes egg to mature in follicle -stimulates ovaries to release oestrogen

Question 41

what does oestrogen do in menstrual cycle-stage 2

Answer 41

made in ovaries -causes lining of uterus to grow -stimulates release of LH

Question 42

what does LH do -stage 3?

Answer 42

produced in pituraity gland stimulates release of egg(ovulation)

Question 43

what does progesterone do in MC? stage 4

Answer 43

-keeps lining up -when progesterone falls lining breaks down inhibts releats of LH AND FSH

Question 44

how can oestrogen & progesterone prevent pregnancy?

Answer 44

1. prevents egg release 2. produces thick mucus to stop sperm getting through

Question 45

the pill(contains oestrogen and progesterone advantage and disadvantage?

Answer 45

-over 99% effective -comes with side effects e.g nausea, headaches, and doesnt protect against sex diseases

Question 46

how does oestrogen reduce fertility

Answer 46

if taken every day, keep level permantley high inhibits production of FSH , egg development and production will stop

Question 47

name 3 methods which contain Oestrogen or progesterone to reduce fertilty-

Answer 47

-the patch = o + p -implant - p -injection - p

Question 48

name a non hormanl way to prevent fertiltity? also protects against diseases

Answer 48

barrier method e.g female/male condoms

Question 49

name 3 alternative methods of stopping pregnancy?

Answer 49

-abstinace-no sex -sterilisation - cuts tubes natural methos - have sex when female is not very fertile

Question 50

some women have low FSH so there is a FSH and LH feritility drug to sstimulate ovulation name an advantage and dis..?

Answer 50

pro=helps women get pregnant cons=doesnt always work =unexpected ones e.g twins etc

Question 51

what does IVF include?

Answer 51

fertilising womens egg and mans sperm in lab

Question 52

whats the name of injection when sperm is injected directly into egg?

Answer 52

ICSI- intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection

Question 53

name a pro of IVF

Answer 53

infertile couple can have children

Question 54

cons of IVF

Answer 54

-low sucsess rate -emotionally stressful may have mutiple births

Question 55

why are people against IVF?

Answer 55

-unethical each embryo = potential human -''perefect human'' u can select characteristics

Question 56

what does an adreline trigger?

Answer 56

increase in oxygen and glucose e.g increases heart rate

Question 57

what does thyroxie regulate

Answer 57

basal metabolic rate x (how fast chemical reactions occur when at rest?

Question 58

what process does thyroxine stimulate?

Answer 58

proyein synthesis for growth and development

Question 59

what is TSH

Answer 59

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE

Question 60

what happense when thryroxine level in blood is too high?

Answer 60

secreation of TSH will stop reducing thyroxine level back to normal