Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Obstetrics and Gynaecology > Infections > Flashcards

Infections Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the causes for vaginal discharge?

A 
Physiological
Candida
Trichimonas vaginalis
Bacterial vaginosis
Gonorrhoea
Chlamydia
Ectropion
Foreign body
Cervical cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of discharge is seen in candida infections?

A

Curd like
Non-offensive
White

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of discharge is seen in trichimonas?

A

Yellow, frothy, offensive

Strawberry cervic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of discharge is seen in bacterial vaginosis?

A

Thin
White/grey
Fishy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of discharge is seen in gonorrhoea?

A

Thin
Watery
Yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of discharge is seen in chlamydia?

A

Copious amounts of purulent yellow discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of discharge is seen in ectropion?

A

Increased amounts of normal discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of discharge may be seen with foreign bodies?

A

Foul smelling

+ blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of discharge is seen in cervical cancer?

A

Persistent discharge which doesn’t respond to treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the main risk factors for STI’s?

A 
Age <25
Sexual partner positive
Recent change in sexual partner
Co-infection with another STI
Non-barrier contraception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are STI’s managed in general?

A

Abstain from sex until both treated
Offer screening for other STI’s
Encourage talking to previous partners
Talk about safe sex in future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What organism causes chlamydia and how long is the incubation period?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis
Intracellular gram -ve cocci/rod shaped
7-21 day incubation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is chlamydia transmitted?

A

Vaginal, oral or anal sex
Skin-skin genital contact
Can infect eye, pharynx and rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does chlamydia present in women?

A 
70% asymptomatic
Cervicitis - discharge and bleeding
Dysuria
Pelvic pain
Cervical excitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does chlamydia present in males?

A

50% asymptomatic
Dysuria
Discharge
Testicular pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is chlamydia investigated?

A

NAAT technique on:

Vulvo-vaginal swab
First void urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is chlamydia managed?

A

1 dose azithromycin or

7 days doxycycline (erythromycin if CI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is chlamydia followed up?

A

TOC 5 weeks after treatment start

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the main complications of chlamydia?

A

PID
Epididymo-orchitis and epididymitis
Sexually acquired reactive arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What contact tracing is required for chlamydia?

A

Symptomatic men - 4 weeks prior to symptoms

Women and asymptomatic men - partners from last 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is important to know about chlamydia in pregnancy?

A

Risk of premature delivery, low birth weight and still birth
Give azithromycin or erythromycin (doxy is CI)
Neonatal erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What organism causes gonorrhoea? how long is the incubation period?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea - gram -ve cocci

2-5 day incubation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is gonorrhoea transmitted?

A

Vaginal, oral or anal sex
Vertical transmission - mother to child

Can infect rectum and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the main additional risk factor for gonorrhoea?

A

MSM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How does gonorrhoea present in women?
``` 50% asymptomatic Cervicitis - thin watery yellow discharge Dysuria Pelvic pain Easily induced cevical bleeding ```
26
How does gonorrhoea present in men?
Purulent discharge Dysuria Epididymal tenderness
27
How is gonorrhoea investigated?
NAAT technique - endocervical/vaginal swab or first pass urine Microscopy and culture - endocervical/urethral swabs
28
How is gonorrhoea managed?
Treat while waiting for swab results - IM ceftriaxone
29
How is gonorrhoea followed up?
TOC 2 weeks after treatment complete
30
What are the main complications associated with gonorrhoea?
``` PID Epididymo-orchitis Prostatits Salpingitis --> infertility Disseminated gonococcal infection ```
31
How would you contact trace for gonorrhoea?
Symptomatic men - all partners 2 weeks | Women and asymptomatic men - all partners 3 months
32
What is important to know about gonorrhoea in pregnancy?
Risk of spontaneous abortion, premature labour and early rupture of membranes IM ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin
33
How is chlamydia screened in the UK?
Open to all men/women 15-24yo | Rely on opportunistic testing
34
How does a disseminated gonococcal infection present and how is it managed?
Skin lesions and joint pain Admit to hospital for management - can lead to sepsis
35
What organism causes syphilis? How long is incubation?
Treponema pallidum - gram negative spirochete bacteria 2-3 weeks
36
How is syphilis transmitted? what are the key additional risk factors?
Vaginal, oral, anal sex, vertical transmission, blood products MSM and HIV
37
What are the stages of a syphilis infection?
Primary --> secondary --> Latent (asymptomatic) --> Tertiary
38
How does a primary syphilis infection present?
Papule ulcerate into chancre Chancre is painless, hard and non-itchy Heals in 3-10 weeks
39
How does a secondary syphilis infection present?
3 months post infection Non-itchy, non-painful rash on hands and soles of feet Fever, malaise, arthralgia, weight loss Painless lymphadenopathy Condylomata lata - elevated wart like plaques in moist skin creases Can affect kidneys liver and brain
40
How does a tertiary syphilis infection present?
Many years later: Gummatous - granulomas form almost anywhere Neuro - tabes dorsalis, dementia, argyll robertson pupil, stroke CVS - aortic valvulitis, ascending aorta dilation, angina
41
How would you investigate syphilis?
Serological tests: Treponemal test - TPHA (remain +ve after treatment) Cardiolipin tests - VLDR (go -ve after treatment)
42
When can false positives for syphilis serological tests occur?
``` Pregnancy SLE Antiphospholipid syndrome TB Leprosy Malaria HIV ```
43
How is syphilis managed?
IM benpen
44
What is Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction?
Flu like illness after first dose of Abx in syphilis Due to endotoxins released from dying bacteria Manage with supportive measures
45
What organisms cause genital warts?
HPV - esp. 6 and 11
46
How are genital warts transmitted?
Skin to skin contact - doesn't need to be penetrative
47
How would you investigate genital warts?
Generally clinical diagnosis Females may need speculum - internal warts Biopsy if lesions atypical
48
How are genital warts managed?
Not always needed Physical ablation: - if 1 or 2 - either cryotherapy, laser or excision Topical: - many warts - Podophyllotoxin or imiquimod - weaken latex condoms - CI in pregnancy and breastfeeding
49
How do genital warts present?
Most asymptomatic and resolve spontaneously - Painless fleshy growths - Can be hard or soft - May bleed or itch
50
What is important to know about genital warts in pregnancy?
No associated complications Small risk of transmission in birth - usually self resolve
51
What causes genital herpes?
Herpes simplex 1 and 2 1 - genital and cold sores 2 - genital and anal
52
How is genital herpes transmitted?
Skin to skin contact Oral sex from someone with cold sore
53
What is the pathophysiology of genital herpes?
Remain dormant in nerve root ganglion Can reactivate
54
How does genital herpes present?
May be months to years after infection Small red painful blister - crust and heal in 20 days Discharge Itchy genitals Flu like symptoms Secondary infections like primary but much shorter
55
How is genital herpes investigated?
Swab open sore | PCR - differentiate between HSV 1 and 2
56
If a patient has >5 outbreaks of genital herpes, what should be done?
Test for HIV
57
How is genital herpes managed?
Oral acyclovir Painkillers Petroleum jelly and ice packs
58
What is important to know about genital herpes in pregnancy?
Pre existing herpes: - Maternal antibodies cross via placenta - Option of vaginal or c-section as risk of transmission v low Herpes contracted in trimester 3: - No maternal antibodies to pass on - C-section highly recommended
59
What causes trichomonas vaginalis? what is the incubation period?
A protozoa 1 month incubation
60
How is trichomonas vaginalis transmitted? what are the additional risk factors?
``` Vaginal sex (NOT ORAL OR ANAL) Vertical transmission - mother to child at delivery ``` Older women
61
How does trichomonas vaginalis present in men?
Usually asymptomatic in men Discharge Dysuria Urinary frequency Itching and soreness
62
How does trichomonas vaginalis present in women?
``` Vaginal odour Yellow/green frothy discharge Itching and soreness Dyspareunia Dysuria "strawberry cervix" on examination ```
63
How would you investigate trichomonas vaginalis?
Microscopy and culture: F - High vaginal swab M - Urethral swab or first void urine
64
How is trichomonas vaginalis managed?
Oral metronidazole | Treat all partners from previous month
65
What is important to know about trichomonas vaginalis in pregnancy?
Risk of premature labour and low birth weight Metronidazole can be used but affect taste of breast milk
66
What are the similarities between BV and trichomonas?
"Offensive" vaginal discharge Vaginal pH >4.5 Treat with metronidazole
67
How does BV vary from trichomonas?
Thin white discharge | Microscopy - clue cells
68
How does trichomonas vary from BV?
Frothy yellow green discharge Vulvovaginitis Strawberry cervix Wet mount - motile trophozoites
69
What is bacterial vaginosis?
Not an STI Normal vaginal flora disturbed leading to reduced lactobacilli Other micro-organisms grow - Gardnerella Vaginalis, anaerobes and mycoplasmas
70
Why do you have a raised pH in bacterial vaginosis?
Lactobacilli produce hydrogen peroxide to maintain acidity Reduced lactobacilli
71
What are the main risk factors for bacterial vaginosis?
``` Multiple sexual partners Receptive oral sex IUD Concurrent STI Vaginal douching or soaps Recent Abx use ```
72
How does bacterial vaginosis present?
Offensive fishy discharge Thin white/grey discharge Not normally sore or itchy
73
How is bacterial vaginosis diagnosed?
High vaginal swab for microscopy: - Clue cells (vaginal epithelia studded with coccobacilli) - Reduced lactobacilli - Absence of pus cells Vaginal pH >4.5 Positive whiff test - add alkali to discharge and strong fishy odour smelt
74
How is bacterial vaginosis managed?
``` Asymptomatic - dont need treating Oral metronidazole - can be vaginal Clindamycin second line Advice regarding risk factors Consider IUD removal ```
75
What is the recurrence rate of bacterial vaginosis and how is it managed?
>50% in 3 months Oral metronidazole
76
What is important to know about bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy?
Symptomatic BV can increase risks of premature birth, miscarriage and chorioamnionitis Treat with metronidazole
77
What is candidiasis?
Not an STI Also called thrush Overgrown of Candida albicans
78
What is the peak incidence of candidiasis?
20-40yo
79
What are the main risk factors for thrush?
``` Pregnancy Diabetes Recent abx use Corticosteroid use Immunocompromised ```
80
How does thrush present?
Vulval itching White curd like discharge - non-offensive Dysuria On examination: - erythematous vulva - satellite lesions - red pustular lesions with superficial white pseudomembranous plaques that can be scraped off
81
How is thrush managed?
Intravaginal cream or pessary - clotrimazole Oral fluconazole
82
What should you do if thrush management fails?
Measure vaginal pH (<4.5 in thrush) and swab for microscopy Address risk factors Treat for longer period
83
Why is thrush more likely in pregnancy? How is it managed?
Oestrogen levels - increased glycogen create favourable environment. Promote growth and sticks it to walls Treat with intravaginal not oral meds

Obstetrics and Gynaecology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions