Infectious and Skin Diseases

Question 1

What type of inflammation is depicted here?

Answer 1

Fibrinous inflammation (deposit from extudate due to large vascular leakage)

F = fibrin

P = pericardium

Question 2

What cell produces Immunoglobulin A (IgA)?

Answer 2

Plasma cells associated with mucosa

Question 3

True or false

Bacterial exotoxins are highly toxic and can be fatal in microgram quantities.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What type of inflammation is depicted here? What are the arrows, triangles, and stars indicating?

Answer 4

Chronic inflammation

Triangle = tissue destruction

Arrow = attempted repair

Star = granuloma (chronic inflammatory cells)

Question 5

Pemphigus is an autoimmune disorder that causes blisters. Where do autoantibodies attack?

Answer 5

Intercellular junctions in the epidermis and mucosa

(Desmoglein, BPAG2, and anchoring filaments)

Question 6

What type of blister is depicted here?

Answer 6

Subcorneal

Question 7

What type of blister is depicted here?

Answer 7

Subepidermal

Question 8

What disease is depicted here? What are its hallmark characteristics?

Answer 8

Psoriasis

Thickened epidermis (elongated rete ridges)

Neutrophil infiltration

Excessive epidermal proliferation

Accumulation of nucleated cells in stratum corneum (parakeratosis)

Question 9

What type of inflammation is depicted here? Is it acute or chronic?

Answer 9

Granuloma

Chronic

Question 10

What organism causes trichinosis? How is it usually obtained?

Answer 10

Trichinella Spiralis (nematode)

Ingestion of undercooked meat (typically pork)

Question 11

Is this initial or late acute inflammation?

Answer 11

Initial

(congested blood vessels and neutrophil infiltration)

Question 12

Describe the enteric and muscle phases of trichinosis in regard to Trichinella spiralis’s life cycle.

Answer 12

Enteric:

1. Adult in intestines and produce larva
2. Larva infiltrate blood
3. Exit blood vessels

Muscle:

4. Infect skeletal muscle fibers
5. Adults die and muscle fiber calcifies

Question 13

True or false

Bacterial exotoxins do not bind to specific receptors.

Answer 13

False.

They DO bind to specific receptors.

Question 14

What type of blister is depicted here?

Answer 14

Suprabasal

Question 15

What type of inflammation is depicted here? Is it acute or chronic?

Answer 15

Purulent inflammation

Acute

Question 16

Describe the cytology of verrucae

Answer 16

Cytoplasmic vacuolization (halos)

Increased keratohyalin granules

Eosinophilic keratin aggregates in cells

Question 17

What type of blister is a Vulgaris pemphigus?

Answer 17

Suprabasal

Question 18

What is the clinical presentation of muscle stage trichinosis?

Answer 18

Myalgia and paralysis

Fever, headache, skin rash

Edema and conjunctivitis

(typical of infection/muscle damage)

Question 19

Is this initial or late acute inflammation?

Answer 19

Late

(mononuclear WBCs - lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells)

Question 20

What tissue does trichinosis infect? What are the symptoms?

Answer 20

Infects skeletal muscle

Symptoms: fever, myalgia, and periorbital edema

Question 21

What type of inflammation is pictured here? Is it acute or chronic?

Answer 21

Serous inflammation (blister)

Acute

Question 22

What type of blister is a Bullous pemphigoid?

Answer 22

Subepidermal

(or nonacantholytic)

Question 23

What causes verrucae?

Answer 23

Human papillomaviruses (HPV)

Question 24

What structure is depicted here?

Hint: trichinosis

Answer 24

Nurse cell-larva complex

Question 25

What are some histologic indicators of acute inflammation?

Answer 25

Dilation of small blood vessels Increased microvasculature permeability Migration and activation of immune cells

Question 26

How does IgA prevent degradation against viral/bacterial proteases?

Answer 26

Extensive glycosylation

Question 27

True or false Bacterial endotoxins are excreted by the cell.

Answer 27

False. They are part of the cell way and are released when bacteria are destroyed

Question 28

What is the clinical presentation of enteric stage trichinosis?

Answer 28

Diarrhea Nausea Vomiting Pain Low-grade fever (all typical of enteric diseases)

Question 29

True or false bacterial endotoxins don't typically induce fever?

Answer 29

False. They always induce fever.

Question 30

What are some histologic indicators of chronic inflammation?

Answer 30

Infiltration by macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells Tissue destruction Attempts at healing

Question 31

True or false Bacterial exotoxins are highly antigenic and can be neutralized by antitoxins.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What is a consequence of such a strong immune response against *Trichinella spiralis* larvae?

Answer 32

Inflammatory response can cause widespread tissue damage

Question 33

What type of blister is a Foliaceus pemphigus?

Answer 33

Subcorneal

Question 34

What is depicted here?

Answer 34

**Verruca (wart)**

Question 35

What is acantholysis?

Answer 35

Dissolution of intercellular bridges

Question 36

At what dose are endotoxins actually toxic?

Answer 36

10-100 micrograms

Question 37

What are the symptoms of viral and bacterial meningitis?

Answer 37

Acute onset fever Headache Stiff neck Photophobia Confusion

Question 38

What causes the most damage to neuronal tissue in meningitis?

Answer 38

Pressure

Question 39

Describe ciliostasis

Answer 39

Attachment of bacteria to impede cilia movements, which prevents movement of bacteria out of the tissue