Neoplasia Flashcards by Noah Wenger

Describe the Warburg effect?

Excessive glycolysis in the presence of oxygen

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What are agonists of HER1/2?

EGF - epidermal growth factor

TGFα - transforming growth factor

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Do carcinomas have mesenchymal or epithelial origin?

Epithelial

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What are the pathways of spread for metastasis?

Direct seeding of body cavities/surfaces

Lymphatic system

Vascular system

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Src signaling regulates what?

Cytoskeleton

Cell migration

Adhesion

Invasion

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What underlying cancers can cause hypoglycemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome. Why?

Ovarian carcinoma

Fibrosarcoma

Mesenchymal sarcomas

Produce insulin or insulin-like substance; induces glucose uptake

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What is the function of p53?

Inhibit cell cycle progression to allow DNA repair

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What type of gene promotes proliferation and inhibit cell death?

Oncogenes

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Describe the TNM system.

Numbers are assigned to each characteristic based on a scale for individual cancers

T = tumor size

N = lymph node metastases

M = other metastases

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In the epithelium, when dysplasia breaches the basement membrane it is considered ____.

Invasive

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Metaplasia refers to ____.

Replacement of one cell type to another; associated with tissue damage, repair, and regeneration

Ex: Barrett’s Esophagus

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What are some of the local effects of a cancerous tumor?

Affect function of vital tissue by pressure, obstruction, or infection

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Solid tumors cannot be more than ______ in diameter without angiogenesis, as it is the diffusion limit

1-2 mm

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Where are you most likely to see metastasis via direct seeding?

Peritoneal

Any spaces (including joints and subarachnoid)

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A sarcoma has _____ stroma and is considered _____.

little

“fleshy”

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Grading of a tumor is determined by?

Cytology

Ex: Pap Smear

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The transition between what two phases of the cell cycle is disrupted in most cancers?

G1 to S phase

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Under hypoxic conditions, Src signaling promotes what?

Angiogenesis

(VEGF, MMPs, IL8)

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Myc controls _____% of all mammalian genes.

10-15%

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Does grading or staging have greater clinical value?

Staging

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What is a teratoma?

Tumor derived from totipotent cells; mixture of adult tissue types

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What are the ways cancer cells evade the immune system?

Antigen loss

HLA mutations (histone compatibility)

Produce immune inhibitors

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Stroma refers to what in cancer.

Supportive tissue

ex: connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics

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Mutations in BRCA1/2 are associated with?

Inherited breast cancer susceptibility

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What is a leiomyoma? Is it highly differentiated or does it lack differentiation?

Benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterine wall Highly differentiated

Does parenchyma or stroma determine tumor behavior?

Parenchyma

What cancer is associated with overactivation of HER1/2?

Breast cancer

Is a papilloma mesenchymal or epithelial in origin?

Epithelial

Is a fibroma mesenchymal or epithelial in origin?

Mesenchymal

Is a leiomyoma mesenchymal or epithelial in origin?

Mesenchymal

The likelihood of metastasis increases due to what cellular factors?

Lack of differentiation Aggressive local invasion Rapid growth Large size

What extracellular stimuli activate Myc?

Growth factors Cytokines Cell adhesion

What enzymes does Rb interact with?

Chromatin remodeling enzymes; has significant impact on global gene expression

Does stroma affect parenchymal behavior or does parenchymal affect stroma behavior?

Stroma affects parenchymal behavior

HIF1α induces VEGF, which leads to?

Angiogenesis

The following are all characteristics of what class of tumor? Pleomorphism Abnormal nuclear morphology Irregular and increased mitoses Loss of polarity Central ischemic necrosis

Anaplastic

What glycolytic enzyme is activated by HIF1α?

Hexokinase 2 (HK2) Responsible for initiating glycolysis by phosphorylating glucose into glucose-6-phosphate

Pleomorphism refers to \_\_\_\_\_?

Variations in size and shape of cells Ex: tumor giant cells in a Rhabdomyosarcoma (malignant tumor of skeletal muscle)

Pathological staging of a tumor is determined by?

Biopsies Clinical staging information

Do carcinomas originate from endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm?

Any of them

What is the function of cyclins?

Activate cyclin-depending kinases (Cdks) at specific points in the cell cycle

What cancer is linked to exposure to Aflatoxin B1?

Hepatocellular carcinoma

What is the normal function of BRCA1/2?

Act as mediators of double-stranded break (DSB) repair Replication fork collapse recovery

Is a cystadenoma mesenchymal or epithelial in origin?

Epithelial

What is are paraneoplastic syndromes?

Cancer patients that have symptoms unrelated to an existing tumor that cannot be explained by new pathology and is not due to systemic effects of hormones or inflammation

What is the hallmark characteristic of a papilloma?

Fingerlike projections, either micro or macroscopic

What are the potential fates of double-stranded DNA repair? (4)

Repaired directly p53-mediated pathways Apoptosis Senesce

Mesenchymal tumors are derived from?

Mesoderm

What is the most common pathway for spread of carcinomas?

lymphatic system

Are veins or arteries more likely to be penetrated by a metastasis?

Veins

Clinical staging of a tumor is determined by?

Physical exam Imaging Lab tests

How is Rb regulated in the cell?

Inhibited by hyperphosphorylation by cyclin/CDK complexes; allows for cell cycle progression

How does p53 activate?

Complexes with PIDD to form PIDDosome

Glycolytic enzymes are expressed at ____ rates in cancer cells.

Higher

What are the three main stages of carcinogenesis?

1. Initiation/priming 2. Permanent DNA damage 3. Additional promoter mutations

What is the consequence of acute exposure to Aflatoxin B1 at high levels or exposure in children?

Hepatic necrosis

Anaplasia refers to \_\_\_\_.

Lack of differentiation

Is a chondroma mesenchymal or epithelial in origin?

Mesenchymal

Breast cancer can be induced by what hormone?

Estrogen

How does merlin act on the cell membrane and the nucleus?

Membrane: inhibits RTKs and integrins Nucleus: inhibits E3 ubiquitin ligase

What extracellular stimuli inhibit Myc?

Contact-inhibition TGFβ Differentiation

How does Aflatoxin B1 act on a cell?

Causes characteristic mutation on Ser249 of p53

Parenchyma refers to ____ in cancer.

The cancer cells themselves

What must occur in order for Myc to bind to DNA?

It must complex with another protein (Max)

Anaplasia is a hallmark of \_\_\_\_.

Malignancy

When a tumor is more differentiated, does that generally indicate a better or worse prognosis?

Better prognosis

An adenoma is a tumor of?

Glands

What does cyclin D1 mediate?

G1 to S phase transition

What kind of gene inhibits proliferation and promotes cell death?

Tumor suppressor genes

Mutations in cyclin D1 can result in what?

Inappropriate entry into S phase

What is the function of Rb?

Inhibits cell cycle progression and differentiation by interacting with transcription factors

BRCA2 acts in?

Homologous recombination

HIF1α counteracts the activity of what protein? How?

Myc Blocks or displaces it due to overlapping recognition sequences

What are the three types of staging of a tumor?

Clinical Pathological Restaging

Staging of a tumor is based on?

Location of primary tumor Tumor size Lymph node spread (local v. regional) Distant metastases

What is Max?

Myc-associated protein X FOrms a heterodimer with Myc so it can bind to DNA

Is a polyp mesenchymal or epithelial in origin?

epithelial

Staging of a tumor can be determined by?

Surgery or imaging

What is Aflatoxic B1?

Carcinogen produced by Aspergillus (mold that grows on nuts)

What is VHL? Function?

Von Hippel Lindau protein Ubiquitin ligase that targets HIF1α for destruction

What type of abnormal nuclear morphology would you expect to see in an anaplastic tumor?

Unusually large for the cell with variable and irregular shape Coarse, clumped chromatin that may be hyperchromatic Abnormally large nucleoli

Prostate cancer is dependent on what hormones?

Androgens

What is Myc?

An oncogenic transcription factor that serves as an intracellular sensor and transducer of extracellular stimuli

Are adenomas mesenchymal or epithelial in origin?

Epithelial

Does Ras signaling promote proliferation or inhibit proliferation?

Promotes proliferation

In the epithelium, when dysplasia is contained by the basement membrane, it is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Carcinoma In situ

What is the consequence of chronic low level exposure to Aflatoxin B1?

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HER1/2 genes code for what protein?

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

What are some of the normal functions of Myc?

Cell survival Cell cycle progression Cell adhesion Energy production Protein biosynthesis Nucleotide and Amino acid metabolism

What causes p53 to activate?

Genotoxic stress due to double-stranded DNA breaks

Do sarcomas have a mesenchymal or epithelial origin?

Mesenchymal

What is the protein product of the NF2 gene? What is its function?

Merlin Inhibits proliferation and survival

What type of receptor is EGFR?

Receptor tyrosine kinase

What is a mixed tumor?

Divergent differentiation of a neoplastic clone of the SAME germ layer Ex: mixed tumor of the salivary gland can have epithelial components in the stroma as well as islands of cartilage or bone

What is the most common pathway for spread of sarcomas?

Vascular system

What is HIF1α? Function?

Hypoxia-inducible factor Dimerizes with HIF1β and acts as a transcription factor for survival proteins; especially glycolytic proteins

Dysplasia refers to \_\_\_\_\_.

Disordered growth; loss of cellular uniformity and normal organization of tissue

What protein is mutated in pheochromocytomas (tumor of the adrenal glands)

Max

Grading of a tumor assumes that what two aspects of it are related?

Behavior and differentiation

What is cachexia? Symptoms?

Progressive loss of both fat and lean tissue, typically from cancer Profound weakness, anorexia, anemia

Dysplasia is a precursor to \_\_\_\_.

Malignancy, but does not always lead to cancer.

BRCA1 acts in?

Checkpoint activation and DNA repair

What enzyme of the citric acid cycle is activated by HIF1α?

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

Neoplasia Flashcards

(103 cards)