Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Mechanisms of Disease > Reproductive System Pathology > Flashcards

Reproductive System Pathology Flashcards

(51 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the clinical definition of infertility?

A
  • Inability to conceive within one year of trying
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or false. Infertility rates are increasing.

A

False. Rates are not increasing, but our screening and treatment options have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Infertility is present in ___% of the US reproductive-age population.

A

11%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_____ infertility refers to anything that impacts ova production

A

Ovulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_____ infertility refers to structural damage to the oviducts and prevent movement of the ova or fertilization

A

Tubal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

______ infertility refers to damage that can prevent implantation or maintenance of a pregnancy.

A

Uterine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the potential causes of ovulatory infertility?

A
  1. Hypothalamus/pituitary disease
  2. Insufficient production of gonadotropins
  3. PCOS
  4. Chemotherapy/pelvic irradiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

A

Gonadotropin insufficiency; directly damages the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can infections cause infertility? (3)

A
  1. Inflammation, scars, and adhesions prevent implantation
  2. Block transport/implantation
  3. Can cause ectopic pregnancies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can thyroid disease cause infertility?

A
  • Excess TRH, in response to low thyroid hormone levels, induces PRL secretion
  • At high levels, PRL will suppress GnRH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do drugs that alter PRL secretion and/or damage to the pituitary cause hyperprolactinemia?

A

Prevent dopamine from inhibiting PRL secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does excess dopamine affect fertility? (2)

A
  1. Alter gonadotropin release
  2. Directly effect on follicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some pretesticular factors that can affect spermatogenesis? (5)

A
  1. Hormones and medications
  2. Systemic diseases
  3. Environmental/lifestyle factors
  4. Dietary deficiencies
  5. Toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do anabolic steroids affect spermatogenesis?

A

Initiate negative feedback loop that reduces LH/FSH levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some testicular causes of infertility? (4)

A
  1. Elevated testicular temperature
  2. Ionizing radiation and alkylating agents
  3. Developmental disorders
  4. Local infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common cause of male infertility?

A

Varicocele: abnormally dilated scrotal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false. Trauma to the testes causes irreversible damage, which leads to infertility

A

False. It can be reversible with early intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two primary circumstances when testicular torsion can occur?

A
  1. Neonatal - in utero or shortly after birth; no anatomic defect
  2. Adult - usually in adolescence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If torsion is reversed within _______, patients generally have a full recovery.

A

6 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What genetic diseases can impact sperm production? (2)

A
  1. Klinefelter syndrome
  2. Microdeletions on the Y chromosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Complete or partial failure of testes to descend during fetal development
22
Q

What histological changes are apparent by the age of 2 in cryptorchidism? (2)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Lack of germ cell development (no spermatogonia, spermatocytes, or spermatids
  2. Hyalinization and thickening of basement membrane
23
Q

What are some post-testicular causes of infertility? (3)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Ductal obstruction (surgical or congenital)
  2. Ejaculatory issues (obstruction or anejaculation)
  3. Infections (STDs, E. coli)
24
Q

How do Gonorrhea infections affect males and females?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Males: causes urethritis
  • Females: often asymptomatic; may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility
25
How does Gonorrhea affect newborns?
* Causes conjucntivities that leads to blindness
26
What bacterium causes gonorrhea? Is it Gram(+) or Gram(-)?
* *Neisseria gonorrhoeae* * Gram(-)
27
What bacterium casues syphilis? Is it Gram(+) or Gram(-)?
* *Treponema pallidum* * Gram(-)
28
What is lymphogranulomma venereum (LGV)?
* Chronic, ulcerative disease caused by certain strains of chlamydia * Lesion leads to swelling of lymph nodes which can rupture * If left untreated, can cause fibrosis and stricture of structures of the lower urogenital tract
29
Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can infect mucosa, but which is more likely to cause genital herpes?
HSV-2
30
How can herpes virus remain latent?
Infecting nearby nerves
31
What are the symptoms of herpes? (6)
1. Lesions to the skin 2. Corneal lesions (blindness) 3. Encephalitis 4. Bronchopneumonia 5. Esophagitis 6. Hepatits
32
What is dysmenorrhea?
* Irregular menstrual symptoms * Excessive pain
33
What is menorrhagia?
Excessive menstrual bleeding
34
What is metrorrhagia?
Irregular and excessive menstrual bleeding
35
What is amenorrhea?
Lack of menstrual bleeding
36
When is amenorrhea normal?
* Pregnancy * Menopause
37
What are some abnormal causes of amenorrhea? (4)
* Scarring of the uterus after infection * Gonadal failure * Resistance to gonadotropic normones * Insufficient gonadotropin secretion
38
What is the presence of endometrium outside the uterus?
Endometriosis
39
What are the symptoms of endometriosis?
* Dysmenorrhea * Pelvic pain * Infertility
40
Approximately 90% of ectopic pregnancies are located in the \_\_\_\_\_
Uterine tubes
41
What are the hallmark symptoms of pre-eclampsia vs. eclampsia?
* Pre-eclampsia - proteinuria * Eclampsia - convulsions
42
What is mastitis? When does it typically occur?
* Acute bacterial infection of the mammary glands * Occurs during 1st month of breastfeeding
43
In mastitis, which bacterium causes abscesses and which causes cellulitis?
* Abscesses - *S. aureus* * Cellulitis - Strep
44
What is the most common form of prostatitis seen today?
Chronic abacterial
45
When is granulomatous prostatitis most commonly seen?
Due to cancer/treatment
46
When do you typically see fungal prostatitis?
Immunocompromised hosts
47
What part of the prostate is the most common location for benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?
Transitional zone
48
What is the most common location for inflammation and cancer in the prostate?
Peripheral zone
49
Explain the pathogenesis of BPH?
* Circulating testosterone is converted to DHT by 5-alpha-reductase * Excessive cell growth due to DHT
50
What are the treatment options for BPH?
1. Reductase inhibitors 2. Minimally invasive treatments (lasers) 3. Surgical
51
What are the common symptoms of BPH? (4)
1. Hesitancy 2. Urgency 3. Nocturia 4. Poor urinary stream

Mechanisms of Disease (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions