Infectious diseases Flashcards
(51 cards)
name 4 main pathogens
virus bacteria protist fungai
how does BActeria makes us sick
- divide by binary fission
- may make toxins
- may directly damage cells
how does Viruses makes us sick
- take over the cell
- make the cell produce more viral particles
- burst out of cell (killing it) and invade other cells
name 3 main ways dieses are spread
- By air (droplet infection, in humans coughs and sneezes spread diseases!) Bacteria, viruses and fungal spores can all be carried on the air
- Direct contact- sexually transmitted or skin to skin or needle puncture. Plant diseases spread easily by infected material touching healthy plants
- By water - contaminating food and drink
Symptoms are the effects of a disease on the body they can include:
High temperature/ shivers
Head and muscle ache
Loss of appetite
Sickness (vomiting or diarrhoea)
rash
These symptoms are caused by:
Toxins made by the pathogen
Damage and death of body tissue (cells)
how does these organs ( Trachea, Nose, Eyes, Stomach, Skin) fight away those pathogens
Eyes produce tears to wash away dirt or pathogens
Nose, has hairs and mucus to trap dust and microorganisms
Skin acts as a barrier with dry dead outer cells. Skin also produces antimicrobials and well as being covered in friendly bacteria that out- compete the pathogens
Stomach contains HCl to destroy microorganisms
Trachea and bronchi – mucus and cilia to trap and remove microorganisms
Florence Nightingale
e is sometimes called the founder of modern nursing. She organised the care of wounded soldiers during the Crimean war. She reduced their mortality rate from 42% to 2% by introducing handwashing and other hygienic practices such as flushing out the sewers and ventilation. She wrote her reports in simple English so they could be understood by everyone. She also introduced novel graphical representation of data, such as the pie chart, so people could easily understand the points she wished to make.
Ignaz Semmelweis
was a Hungarian physician. His work demonstrated that hand washing could drastically reduce the number of women dying after childbirth. He proved this through rigorous statistical analysis. Doctors in the early 1800s did not routinely wash their hands between dissecting infected corpses and assisting with childbirth. After the introduction of his “scrubbing up” routine the death rate went down dramatically. He was known as the “Saviour of the mothers”.
Louis Pasteur
was a French chemist who developed the germ theory of disease, showing that it is caused by living microorganisms. For many years before people
thought that living organisms were spontaneously generated in decaying food, and that this is why food spoils. Pasteur also developed a method of preserving food (Pasteurisation) by holding it at relatively high temperatures for short amounts of time so the flavour did not change. This led to great nutritional benefits for millions
Joseph Lister
was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery. He heard about Pasteur’s advances in microbiology, and applied these ideas by introducing the use of carbolic acid to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds. He sprayed it in the air whilst operating which led to a reduction in post-operative infections. This made surgery safer for patients as they no longer became infected by pathogens from the surroundings.
What are viral diseases
Viruses are disease causing infective particles. Consisting of a protein coat enclosing genetic material they invade cells and reproduce, causing cell damage and death
What are symptoms of measels
rash and fever ( in severe cases blindness and brain damage and death)
How does measels spread
Spread by inhalation of droplets from coughing and
sneezing.
treatment or prevention of measles
There is no treatment, victims must be isolated to prevent spread. In the UK children are routinely vaccinated.
Symptoms of HIV
Symptoms mild to start – like a cold or flu but the virus
attacks the immune system damaging it and leaving
the victim open to other opportunistic diseases or
certain cancers.
3 ways to spread HIV
sexual contact
drug needle share
mother to children by breastfeeding
cure or prevention for HIV
There is no cure or vaccine but
anti-retroviral drugs keep HIV people
healthy and seem to delay or prevent the
onset of full blown AIDs
spread of Gonnorrhea
by sexual contact
symptoms of gonnorhea
pelvic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancies.
Treatmnet and prevention of gonnorhea
antibiotics, use of condom
spead of salmonela
Most salmonella infections are spread to people through consumption of contaminated food (usually meat, poultry, eggs, or milk).
Symptoms of salmonela
nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
(sometimes bloody), fever, and headache. This infection can kill!
Treatment and prevntion of salmonela
antibiotics,
store in fridge; keep raw meat separate from cooked foods or salads, wash your hands in hot soapy water, keep pets away from food prep areas, don’t cook for others if unwell, cook food thoroughly
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (crown gall
disease)
Spread :The bacteria insert plasmids into the plant cells and cause a mass of new undifferentiated genetically modified cells to grow. This massive growth results in big lumps forming called galls.
treatment:Treatment is usually to remove the diseased pant and destroy it.Some trees may be treated by cutting away the infected tissue
Symtoms:Galls can grow on stems and roots of
plants (above and below ground)
