Infectious Diseases

Question 1

Health

Answer 1

Physical, mental, and social well being

Question 2

Disease

Answer 2

An abnormality in body function that threatens health

Question 3

Etiology

Answer 3

The study of the factors that cause disease

Question 4

Idiopathic

Answer 4

Refers to a disease with no known cause

Question 5

Pathogenesis

Answer 5

Pattern of a disease’s development

Question 6

Epidemiology

Answer 6

Study of transmission of disease in humans

Question 7

Endemic

Answer 7

Native to a specific region

Question 8

Epidemic

Answer 8

Affects many people at the same time

Question 9

Pandemics

Answer 9

Widespread, usually worldwide

Question 10

Mechanisms of disease transmission (4)

Answer 10

1. Person to person contact
   Can be prevented by education or aseptic technique
2. Environmental contact
   Can be prevented by avoiding contact or by practicing safe sanitation
3. Opportunistic invasion
   Can be prevented by avoiding changes in skin/muscle membranes or by cleansing wounds
4. Transmission by a vector
   Can be prevented by reducing population of or contact with vectors

Question 11

Vector

Answer 11

Living things that spread disease

Question 12

Other prevention and treatment strategies (2)

Answer 12

1. Vaccination
   Stimulates immunity
2. Chemicals
   Destroy or inhibit pathogens. Ex: antibiotics or natural compounds

Question 13

Antibiotics

Answer 13

Natural compounds derived from living organisms that kill bacteria

Question 14

Factors that play a role in the spread of disease (5)

Answer 14

1. Nutrition
2. Age
3. Gender
4. Sanitation practices
5. Socioeconomic conditions

Question 15

Risk factors of disease (6)

Answer 15

1. Genetics
2. Age
3. Lifestyle
4. Stress
5. Environment
6. Preexisting conditions

Question 16

Microbes and examples

Answer 16

Living organisms: bacteria, fungi, Protozoa

Question 17

Nonliving particles (2)

Answer 17

Viruses and prions

Question 18

What are viruses

Answer 18

1. Have DNA/RNA core and covered by a protein coat
2. Have genetic code and multiply
3. Invade cells and insert their own genetic code into the cells’ genetic code and use the cells’ nutrients and organelles to produce more virus cells

Question 19

RNA

Answer 19

Messenger for DNA controlling synthesis of proteins

Question 20

Examples of viruses

Answer 20

DNA- HPV and hepatitis

RNA- HIV and flu

Question 21

What are prions

Answer 21

1. Protein molecules that convert normal proteins into abnormal proteins, causing abnormality of function
2. Can be inherited in offspring of infected person or transmitted through food
3. No treatment
4. Example: mad cow disease

Question 22

Emerging vs reemerging diseases

Answer 22

Emerging- new disease

Reemerging- older disease that has come back recently

Question 23

How to find attack rates

Answer 23

Sick people/total number of people

Question 24

What are antibodies

Answer 24

1. Indicate the presence or former presence of a virus or other foreign particles
2. Proteins created to recognize a specific structure on an invading particle (antigen). Attach to antigens, creating antigen-antibody complexes that signal the immune system to destroy the particle

Question 25

How does antibody testing work

Answer 25

1. Blood test 2. Certain types of antibodies indicate recent exposure to the infection or past exposure 3. Antibodies will clump in the blood

Question 26

What are fungi

Answer 26

1. Similar to plants but have no chlorophyll to make their own food, so have to become parasites in organisms near skin or mucous membranes

Question 27

Types of fungi (2)

Answer 27

1. Yeasts- small, single celled fungi | 2. Molds- large and multicellular

Question 28

Examples of fungal infections

Answer 28

1. Pneumonia and yeast infections | 2. Fungal/myotic infections often resist treatment

Question 29

What is a protozoa

Answer 29

1. One celled organisms, larger than bacteria, DNA organized in a nucleus 2. Infect human fluids, cause disease by parasitizing or destroying cells 3. Use extensions or extended membranes to move

Question 30

Types of Protozoa (4)

Answer 30

1. Amoebas ex: diarrhea 2. Flagellas ex: UTI 3. Ciliates ex: GI disturbances 4. Sporozoa ex: malaria

Question 31

What are bacteria

Answer 31

1. Small cell without a nucleus 2. Cause disease by secreting toxic substances that damage tissues, become parasites in cells, or form colonies to disrupt function 3. Function- some need oxygen for metabolism (aerobic), some don’t (anaerobic)

Question 32

Shapes of bacteria

Answer 32

``` 1. Cocci Round bacteria Strepto- chain of round bacteria, strep throat Staphylo- cluster, food poisoning Diplo- cluster of two, pneumonia 2. Bacilli Rectangular/pill shape, anthrax, tetanus Strepto- chain, rat bite fever 3. Spiral Spiral/curved shape Cholera- single, RBF- corkscrew, syphilis- spiral ```

Question 33

Gram positive vs gram negative bacteria

Answer 33

1. Due to difference in structure of cell wall. += more peptidoglycan 2. + stains purple, - stains red/pink 3. Some antibiotics only treat gram positive or gram negative bacteria

Question 34

Narrow vs broad range antibiotic

Answer 34

1. Broad spectrum can treat both gram + and gram - bacteria 2. Types of antibiotics Erythromycin- BS Neomycin- BS, best for G+ bacilli Penicillin- BS, best for G+ Streptomycin- NS, G- bacilli Tetracycline- BS

Question 35

Culture and sensitivity test

Answer 35

1. Create spread plate 2. Use antibiotic disc, if bacteria is sensitive the bacteria will grow around it or it will be surrounded by dead bacteria 3. Control disc on other side

Question 36

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 36

1. Caused by overuse/misuse of antibiotics | 2. Scientists are working to create new treatments