Muscles and Bones

Question 1

Myology

Answer 1

Study of muscles

Question 2

Osteology

Answer 2

Study of bones

Question 3

Fibromyalgia (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 3

1. Disorder causing widespread muscle pain
2. Sx- muscle pain, fatigue, issues with sleep or mood
3. Dx- Diagnosed based on symptoms
4. Rx- medication and pt to reduce symptoms

Question 4

Polymyositis (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 4

1. Inflammatory muscle disease
2. Sx- muscle weakness, muscle pain
3. Dx- EMG, muscle biopsy, blood test to r/o other conditions
4. Rx- steroids, immunosuppresant drugs, pt to reduce symptoms

Question 5

Marfan’s Syndrome (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 5

1. Genetic condition that affects connective tissue
2. Sx- Disproportionately long arms, legs, and fingers; heart murmurs, abnormally curved spine. Can cause CV, eye, and skeletal complications
3. Dx- EKG, CT, or MRI of the heart, eye test, genetic testing
4. Rx- medication to lower bp, surgery

Question 6

Sprains (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 6

1. Torn ligament (connects bones)
2. Sx- pain, swelling, bruising, restricted movement
3. Dx- physical exam, MRI
4. Rx- rest, ice, compression, elevation

Question 7

Shin Splints (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 7

1. Inflammation from excessive force on the tibia and the muscles surrounding it.
2. Sx- pain on either side of the tibia, tenderness, mild swelling
3. Dx- physical exam
4. Rx- ice, elevation, NSAIDs, rest from physical activity

Question 8

Rotator Cuff Tear (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 8

1. Tear in the tendons of the shoulder joint
2. Sx- shoulder pain, weakness when lifting arm
3. Dx- physical exam, MRI or ultrasound
4. Rx- rest, ice, pt, could need surgery

Question 9

Muscular Dystrophy (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 9

1. Group of genetic disorders causing progressive loss of muscle mass
2. Sx- muscle pain, muscle weakness, walking abnormality, learning disability
3. Dx- Blood tests, EMG, muscle biopsy, EKG, MRI
4. Rx- pt, ot, speech therapy or medication to manage symptoms

Question 10

Arthritis (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 10

1. Inflammation of the joints. Osteoarthritis- degenerative condition, rheumatoid- autoimmune condition
2. Sx- joint pain and stiffness, swelling
3. Dx- physical exam, blood test, X rays
4. Rx- anti inflammatory drugs, other medications, pt, surgery

Question 11

Bursitis (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 11

1. Inflammation of the fluid filled pads that cushion the joints
2. Sx- affected joint feels achy, stiff, or hurts to move or press on. Looks swollen and red
3. Dx- X Ray, MRI, blood test, fluid aspiration to rule out other causes
4. Rx- Anti inflammatory drugs

Question 12

Kyphosis

Answer 12

Forward curve of the spine

Question 13

Scoliosis

Answer 13

Sideways curve of the spine

Question 14

Lordosis

Answer 14

Inward curving of the lower spine

Question 15

Causes and Rx of diseases of the spine

Answer 15

1. Mostly unknown, but could be caused by genetics, birth defects, or neuromuscular conditions
2. pt, surgery, brace

Question 16

Lyme Disease (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 16

1. Bacteria transmitted by a tick
2. Sx- target shaped rash, fever, fatigue, body aches
3. Dx- Blood tests to test for antibodies
4. Rx- antibiotics

Question 17

Osteomyelitis (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 17

1. Infection of the bone typically caused by staph bacteria
2. Sx- tenderness, redness, swelling, fever, nausea
3. Dx- x rays, blood tests, MRI, bone biopsy
4. Rx- Typically antibiotics, surgery for more serious cases

Question 18

Gout (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 18

1. Form of arthritis caused by excess uric acid in the bloodstream
2. Sx- severe pain, redness, and swelling in the joints, especially the big toe
3. Dx- joint fluid test, blood test, CT to rule out other conditions
4. Rx- NSAIDs or corticosteroids

Question 19

Paget’s Disease/Osteitis Deformans (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 19

1. Enlarged, deformed bones
2. Sx- bone pain, headaches, hearing loss, hip pain, pressure on nerves
3. Dx- X rays, alkaline phosphate test, bone scan
4. Rx- medications such as bisphosphonates or calcitonin, NSAIDs, surgery

Question 20

Osteoporosis (Sx, Dx, Rx)

Answer 20

1. Reduced density and quality of bone
2. Sx- back pain, loss of height, stooped posture, bone fractures that occur easily
3. Dx- CT, bone density scan
4. Rx- calcium, Vitamin D, exercise

Question 21

Functions of the Skeletal System (5)

Answer 21

1. Support the body and provide a framework
2. Protection- protect delicate enclosed structures such as the brain or heart
3. Movement- muscles pull on bones to cause movement
4. Storage- store calcium to maintain homeostasis
5. Hemopoiesis- RBC formation in bone marrow

Question 22

Types of bones (4)

Answer 22

1. Long- humerus
2. Short- carpals
3. Flat- frontal (skull)
4. Irregular- vertebrae

Question 23

Difference between a male and female skeleton

Answer 23

1. Size- male is generally larger
2. Shape of pelvis- male pelvis deep and narrow, female pelvis shallow and broad
3. Size of pelvic inlet- female pelvic inlet generally wider to allow a baby to pass through
4. Pubic angle- a female’s is 90 degrees or greater

Question 24

Types of fractures (5)

Answer 24

1. Greenstick- bone bends then breaks
2. Spiral- occurs due to rotational or twisting force
3. Comminuted- bone breaks into more than 2 fragments
4. Transverse- break is perpendicular to long plane of the bone
5. Compound- bone breaks through the skin

Question 25

Types of muscle tissue (3)

Answer 25

1. Skeletal/voluntary- crosswise stripes (striated) under microscope. Contractions can be controlled. 2. Cardiac muscle- composes heart, involuntary, characterized by dark bands (intercalated disks) 3. Smooth muscle- smooth (no striations) under a microscope, involuntary, found in walls of hollow structures like blood vessels

Question 26

Skeletal muscle structure

Answer 26

1. Each is an organ composed of skeletal muscle cells and connective tissue, extend from one bone across a joint to another bone

Question 27

Tendons

Answer 27

Attach muscle to bone, some are enclosed in synovial lined tubes and lubricated by synovial fluid (tendon sheaths)

Question 28

Functions of Skeletal Muscle (2)

Answer 28

1. Movement- insert to bones on other side of joints | 2. Heat production- maintain body temperature by shivering to produce heat

Question 29

Effects of Exercise on Skeletal Muscle

Answer 29

1. Regular exercise improves muscle tone and posture and improves heart and lung function 2. Strength training- increases number of myofilaments in each muscle fiber, increasing muscle size (hypertrophy) 3. Endurance training- more efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients due to increased blood flow, but doesn't usually result in muscular hypertrophy.

Question 30

Axial Skeleton

Answer 30

Bones of the skull, spine, and chest

Question 31

Apendicular Skeleton

Answer 31

Bones of upper and lower extremities

Question 32

Isometric Contraction

Answer 32

Increases the tension in the muscle but does not shorten it, no movement results, like pushing on a wall. Can cause the muscles to grow stronger.