Infectious Pathogens

Question 1

microscopic pathogens that reproduce rapidly after entering the body.
releases toxins that damages tissues and cause illness.

Answer 1

BACTERIA

Question 2

-Smaller than bacteria, a virus invades a host cell.
-replicates and produces hundreds and thousands of new virus that go on to infect more host cells

Answer 2

VIRUS

Question 3

-there are thousands of species of fungi, some of which cause disease in humans.
-these conditions are contagious and can spread through person-to- person contact.

Answer 3

FUNGI

Question 4

-These single-celled organisms cause disease in their host.
-they infect other organisms to survive and reproduce.

Answer 4

PROTISTS

Question 5

-also known as helminths.

Answer 5

PARASITIC WORMS

Question 6

-large enough for people to see with
the naked eye, and they can live in many areas of the body.
-ex. flatworms, thorny-head worms, roundworms.

Answer 6

Parasitic worms

Question 7

A ____ refers to any place where infectious agents can persist and potentially cause infections.

Answer 7

reservoir of infection

Question 8

can be living organisms, inanimate objects, or environmental sources where the infectious agent can thrive and multiply.

Answer 8

reservoirs

Question 9

______ include humans, animals, and insects that harbor infectious agents without showing symptoms of illness. For example, a person with a common cold can be a reservoir of the virus and spread it to others.

Answer 9

Living reservoirs

Question 10

Inanimate objects, also known as____, can serve as reservoirs when they become contaminated with infectious agents. Examples include doorknobs, medical instrument, and surfaces in healthcare settings.

Answer 10

fomites

Question 11

____ refer to natural sources where infectious agents can survive and reproduce, such as soil, water, and food. These reservoirs can pose risks for transmission through various routes, including ingestion, inhalation, or contact with contaminated substances.

Answer 11

Environmental reservoir

Question 12

Flora that are acquired by contact with an object is called_____.

Answer 12

transient flora

Question 13

Another name for a pathogen is an ____ since they cause infections.

Answer 13

infectious agent

Question 14

An ____ is the result of when a pathogen interacts with a host organism, leading to detrimental effects in the body.

Answer 14

infection

Question 15

A series of stages that contributes to the manifestation of infections.

Answer 15

Cycle of infection

Question 16

The process by which a pathogen spreads from one host to another.

Answer 16

TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES

Question 17

____ transmission spread when disease-causing microorganisms pass from infected person to the healthy person via direct physical contact with blood or body fluids.

Answer 17

DIRECT CONTACT

Question 18

occurs when a droplet from coughing, sneezing, or talking carry the pathogen to the host’s body.

Answer 18

DROPLET TRANSMISSION

Question 19

Direct exposure of susceptible tissue to soil containing disease agents

Answer 19

CONTACT WITH SOIL

Question 20

Disease agents may be directly inoculated into the skin or mocusa, e.g. dog bite, contaminated needles, syringes.

Answer 20

INOCULATION INTO THE SKIN OR MOCUSA

Question 21

Transmission of the agents through placenta, e.g. AIDS, he

Answer 21

TRANS-PLACENTAL

Question 22

DIRECT TRANSMISSION

Answer 22

1. Direct Contact
   2.Droplet Infection
   3.Contact with Soil
   4.Inoculation into skin or mucosa
2. Trans-placental

Question 23

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

Answer 23

1. Vehicle Borne
   2.Vector Borne
2. Airborne
   4.Fomite Borne
   5.Fingers and Hands

Question 24

When the infectious agent is capable of surviving outside the human environment and retains its basic properties until it entere a new host.

Answer 24

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

Question 25

This implies transmission of the agent through water, food, ice, blood, serum, and biological products.

Answer 25

VEHICLE BORNE

Question 26

is defined as a arthropod, or any living carrier that transports an infection agent to a susceptible individual.

Answer 26

VECTOR BORNE

Question 27

Droplet nuclei is the type of particle implicated in the spread of ____ infection.

Answer 27

AIRBORNE

Question 28

are inanimate articles or substances (other than water or food), contaminated by the infectious discharges from a patient and capable of harboring and transferring agents to a healthy person.

Answer 28

FOMITE BORNE

Question 29

The most common agents transferring infections

Answer 29

FINGERS & HANDS

Question 30

Activities designed to protect patients and other members of the public from actual or potential health threats and their harmful consequences.

Answer 30

DISEASE PREVENTION

Question 31

Four levels of disease prevention

Answer 31

Primordial Primary Secondary Tertiary

Question 32

Prevention of emergence or development of risk factor in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared.

Answer 32

PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION

Question 33

Action taken prior to onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur.

Answer 33

PRIMARY PREVENTION

Question 34

Action which halts the progress of the disease at its incipient stage and prevents complication.

Answer 34

SECONDARY PREVENTION

Question 35

All measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities and minimize suffering caused by existing departures from good health and to promote the patients adjustment to irremediable conditions.

Answer 35

TERTIARY PREVENTION

Question 36

INTERVENTION: Individual and mass education EXAMPLES: national progammes and policies on food and nutrition, against smoking and drugs, and to promote regular physical exercise.

Answer 36

PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION

Question 37

INTERVENTION: Prepathogenesis stage of disease. MODES OF INTERVENTION: health promotion and specific protection

Answer 37

PRIMARY PREVENTION

Question 38

INTERVENTION: Early pathogenesis stage MODES OF INTERVENTION: Early diagnosis and adequate/ prompt treatment.

Answer 38

SECONDARY PREVENTION

Question 39

INTERVENTION: Late pathogenesis MODES OF INTERVENTION: Disability limitations and rehabilitation

Answer 39

TERTIARY PREVENTION

Question 40

also known as blood and body fluid exposure, is a common route of transmission for many infectious diseases.

Answer 40

Body substance transmission

Question 41

EXAMPLES OF BODY SUBSTANCES OR FLUIDS

Answer 41

Blood Semen Vaginal Secretions Breast Milk Urine Saliva Sweat Tears Mucus Fluids that surround our internal organs

Question 42

Some of the diseases transmitted through body substances include:

Answer 42

-HIV/AIDS -Hepatitis B and C -Meningitis -Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)(e.g. syphilis) -Respiratory Infections -Other Infectious Diseases

Question 43

an essential practice that protects both patients and healthcare providers from infectious diseases like HIV, hepatitis, and other contagious illnesses. By isolating all body substances (blood, urine, feces, tears, etc.), we significantly reduce the chances of disease transmission.

Answer 43

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION (BSI)

Question 44

refers to the state of being free from disease-causing microorganisms, particularly bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Answer 44

Asepsis

Question 45

DOES ASEPSIS PLAY A VITAL ROLE IN THE CYCLE OF INFECTION?

Answer 45

YES!

Question 46

-a state of being completely free from all living microorganisms -having a complete absence of viable life that has the potential to reproduce

Answer 46

STERILE

Question 47

-the removal of visible dirt, dust, or contaminants from a surface or environment. -to reduce the overall number of microorganisms or to prevent or reduce the risk of transmission of microorganisms

Answer 47

CLEAN

Question 48

encompasses a range of measures aimed at preventing the spread of infections and ensuring the safety of patients, healthcare workers, and visitors. This includes practices such as proper handwashing techniques, gloving techniques, sterile and aseptic techniques. Maintaining cleanliness and sterilization of medical equipment and surfaces, adhering to isolation protocols for patients with infectious diseases, and following established guidelines for the safe handling and disposal of medical waste. These practical precautions are essential for minimizing the risk of healthcare-associated infections and promoting a safe healthcare environment for all.

Answer 48

Practical Precautions

Question 49

Practical Precautions

Answer 49

Proper Handwashing Gloving Techniques Sterile and Aseptic Technique

Question 50

is a hygienic practice involving the cleansing of hands with water and soap or other suitable cleansers to remove dirt, germs, and contaminants. It is essential for preventing the spread of infections, including viruses and bacteria, particularly in healthcare settings, food preparation, and everyday activities.

Answer 50

Handwashing

Question 51

In medicine, "______" refers to the method used by healthcare professionals to properly don sterile gloves to prevent contamination during medical procedures. This technique is crucial for maintaining aseptic conditions and reducing the risk of infection for both the patient and the healthcare provider.

Answer 51

gloving technique

Question 52

is used for short invasive procedures. It involves *hand hygiene *sterile gloves *use of clean dedicated area

Answer 52

ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE

Question 53

is an essential patient safety principle that reduces the risk of microbial transmission to patients during surgery.

Answer 53

STERILE TECHNIQUE

Question 54

a method used in laboratories or clinical setting to prevent the transmission of unwanted organisms.

Answer 54

Aseptic Technique

Question 55

Two types of Aseptic technique

Answer 55

Medical Asepsis Surgical Asepsis

Question 56

- the methods used in a general medical setting to reduce the spread of microbes and eliminate such contaminants.

Answer 56

Medical asepsis

Question 57

- the methods used to eliminate microbes and maintain asepsis during an invasive or surgical procedure

Answer 57

Surgical asepsis

Question 58

use of practices that restrict microorganisms in the environment and prevent contamination of the surgical field.

Answer 58

Sterile Technique