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HISTOPATH LEC > Infiltration & Embedding > Flashcards

Infiltration & Embedding Flashcards

1
Q

Used for bones and brain specimens

A

Paraplast

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2
Q

A substitute for paraffin wax that is used for infiltrating eye specimens?

A

Bioloid

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3
Q

Product of paraffin with rubber

A

Tissue mat

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4
Q

Eliminates dehydration and clearing process

A

Carbowax

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5
Q

Uses 70-80% alcohol for storage

A

Wet Celloidin Method

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6
Q

Melting point of 56-58 °C

A

Embeddol

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7
Q

Method of paraffin wax infiltration that uses Autotechnicon

A

Automatic Processing

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8
Q

Most rapid method of paraffin wax infiltration

A

Vacuum Embedding

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9
Q

Removes clearing agent and fills up cavities

A

Infiltration

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10
Q

Requires 4 changes of wax at 15 minutes interval in order to insure complete removal of the clearing agent from the tissue

A

Manual Processing

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11
Q

T or F. Prolonged process of paraffin wax infiltration method may cause excessive shrinkage and tissue hardening

A

True

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12
Q

Melting point for routine work

A

56°C

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13
Q

a.k.a. COLLODION

A

Celloidin Infiltration

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14
Q

Harder than paraffin and requires heavy duty type of microtome (e.g. sliding or sledge type microtome)

A

Ester wax

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15
Q

Melting point 46-48°C

A

Ester wax

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16
Q

Water soluble wax

A

Carbowax

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17
Q

Another form of celloidin soluble in equal concentration of ether and alcohol; highly explosive

A

Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose (L.V.N.)

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18
Q

Mixture of highly purified paraffin and synthetic plastic polymer

A

Paraplast

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19
Q

Combination of chloroform and cedarwood oil

A

Components of Gilson’s mixture

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20
Q

Prevents growth of molds

A

1% phenol

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21
Q

Substitue for paraffin wax that is used for enzyme histochemistry

A

Carbowax

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22
Q

Remedy when Carbowax is used?

A

Add soap to water or 10% polyethylene glycol 900

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23
Q

Commonly used embedding medium

A

Paraffin wax

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24
Q

Tissue infiltrated with this tends to crack

A

Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose (L.V.N.)

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25
Q

What to add in Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose (L.V.N.) to prevent from tissues in cracking?

A

Add Plasticizers: OLEUM RICINI & CASTOR OIL

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26
Q

Uses Gilson’s Mixture for storage

A

Dry celloidin

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27
Q

Methods of Celloidin Infiltration for infiltrating eye specimens

A

Dry Celloidin

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28
Q

Methods of Celloidin Infiltration for infiltrating bones, large brain sections, teeth, and whole organs

A

Wet Celloidin Method

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29
Q

Difficult to float out when this is used

A

Carbowax

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30
Q

No longer requires clearing, only dehydration

A

Ester wax

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31
Q

Concentration is 4-6% for 5-7 days

A

Medium Celloidin

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32
Q

Consist of 2 L-shaped strips of heavy brass or metal arranged on a flat metal plate and which can be moved to adjust the size of the mold to the size of the specimen

A

Leuckhart’s Embedding Mold

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33
Q

Recommended only for frozen sections and histochemical and enzyme studies

A

Gelatin Infiltration

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34
Q

Concentration is 2-4% for 5-7 days

A

Thin Celloidin

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35
Q

Used if there is need to be embed more than 1
specimen

A

Compound embedding unit

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36
Q

It is equipped with a warm plate to manage the impregnated specimen, and a cold plate at -5°C for rapid solidification of the block

A

Tissue Tek

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37
Q

Consist of a special stainless steel base mold fitted with a plastic embedding ring, which later serves as the block holder during cutting

A

Plastic embedding rings and base molds

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38
Q

Cutting off excess paraffin wax to form a 4-sided prism

A

Trimming

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39
Q

Concentration is 8-12% for 3-5 days

A

Thick Celloidin

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40
Q

A disposable mold that can produce perfect block even without trimming

A

Peel-Away

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41
Q

Temperature of melted paraffin used for embedding

A

5-10° above its melting point

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42
Q

This is done when we infiltrate using celloidin then embedding using paraffin wax

A

Double-Embedding

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43
Q

T or F. Inadequate process in paraffin wax infiltration method may cause retention of clearing agent

A

True

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44
Q

It is more rapid because it is heat generated, constant agitation (make the processing time shorter)

A

Automatic Processing

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45
Q

Recommended for urgent biopsies, for delicate tissues such as lungs, brain, connective tissues, decalcified bones, eyes, spleen and CNS

A

Vacuum Embedding

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46
Q

Carried out using paraffin wax infiltration and an oven

A

Manual Processing

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47
Q

NOT FOR fatty tissue because we need to apply heat (fats will dissolved)

A

Paraffin Wax Infiltration Method/Paraffin processing

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48
Q

It is soluble to 95% ethyl alcohol

A

Ester wax

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49
Q

For tissue with large and hallow cavities that tends to collapse

A

Celloidin Infiltration Method

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50
Q

Does not add heat so the process is slow

A

Nitrocellulose Method (Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose)

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51
Q

Tissue for processing should be 2-3mm thick

A

Gelatin Infiltration Method

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52
Q

Embedding for EM

A

Plastic (Resins) Embedding

53
Q

T or F. To allow solidification of block either place the preparation inside the refrigerator at -5° or immerse it in cold water

A

True

54
Q

This is recommended for busy routine laboratories

A

Plastic ice trays

55
Q

For extremely hard tissues

A

Plastic (Resins) Embedding

56
Q

Are made up of esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid, and are used extensively for light microscopy (i.e.,MMA,GMA)

A

Acrylic plastics

57
Q

Made up of a carefully balanced mixture of epoxy plastics, catalysts and accelerators

A

Epoxy Embedding Plastics

58
Q

Is the process whereby the clearing agent is completely removed from the tissue and replaced by a medium that will completely fill all the tissue cavities and give a firm consistency to the specimen

A

Impregnation (Infiltration)

59
Q

Is the process by which the impregnated tissue is placed into a precisely arranged position in a mold containing a medium which is then allowed to solidify

A

Embedding (Casting or Blocking)

60
Q

It is solid at room temperature but melts at temperatures up to about 65°C or 70°C

A

Paraffin Wax

61
Q

3 ways by which paraffin wax impregnation and embedding of tissues may be performed

A
  1. By manual processing
  2. By automatic processing
  3. By vacuum embedding
62
Q

Involves wax impregnation under negative atmospheric pressure inside an embedding oven

A

Vacuum Embedding

63
Q

Melting point of 56-57°C

A

Paraplast

64
Q

Synthetic wax substitute similar to Paraplast

A

Embeddol

65
Q

Substance added to proprietary blends of plastic polymer paraffin waxes

A

Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)

66
Q

Are plastic polymers, mostly polyethylene glycols

A

Water Soluble Waxes

67
Q

T or F. During the winter, 54 to 56oC Paraplast may be used if the tissue is cut in a cool room.

A

True

68
Q

A polyethylene glycol containing 18 or more carbon atoms, which appears solid at room temperature

A

Carbowax

69
Q

Reduces infiltration times and facilitates thin sectioning

A

Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)

70
Q

No heat is required, and the resultant block has a rubbery consistency which gives good support to the tissues

A

Celloidin Impregnation

71
Q

Is more explosive than celloidin and should therefore be handled with care

A

Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose (L.V.N.)

72
Q

Is rarely used except when dehydration is to be avoided and when tissues are to be subjected to histochemical and enzyme studies

A

Gelatin Impregnation

73
Q

Volume should be at least 25 times the volume of the tissue

A

Gelatin Impregnation

74
Q

Is made up of a series of interlocking plates resting on a flat metal base, forming several compartments

A

Compound embedding unit

75
Q

A disposable thin plastic embedding molds, available in 3 different sizes, are simply peeled off one at a time, as soon as the wax has solidified

A

Peel-Away

76
Q

Are normally utilized for embedding celloidin blocks but are equally useful for paraffin wax blocks

A

Paper Boats

77
Q

Can be used to control the rate or evaporation of the solvent

A

Bell jars

78
Q

Is the process by which tissues are first embedded or fully infiltrated with a supporting medium such as agar or nitrocellulose, then infiltrated a second time with paraffin wax in which they are subsequently embedded.

A

Double-Embedding

79
Q

Recommended for making small sections of celloidin blocks

A

Double-Embedding

80
Q

Can be obtained pure, have very low viscosity, and infiltrate fastest

A

Cyclohexene dioxide-based plastics (Spurr)

81
Q

Cause sensitization if absorbed by skin or inhalation

A

Epoxy resins

82
Q

The polar water soluble, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, is commonly known as

A

“Glycol methacrylate”, or GMA

83
Q

Is added to the plastic as a catalyst that decomposes to form phenyl radicals acting as an active site for the polymerization of acrylics

A

Benzoyl Peroxide

84
Q

Widely used because of its hardness as the ideal embedding medium for undecalcified bone and is widely used for bone histomorphometry and bone marrow hematopathology

A

Methyl methacrylate (MMA)

85
Q

Can easily and completely be removed from tissue sections, which results in superior staining characteristics and excellent morphological detail.

A

Methyl methacrylate (MMA)

86
Q

Infiltration is slow, partly because the epoxy plastic itself is a large molecule

A

Bisphenol A (Araldite)

87
Q

Has a lower viscosity but are often sold as mixtures of isomers

A

Glycerol (Epon)

88
Q

Is a Low Viscosity mixture which provides rapid infiltration of tissues

A

Spurr’s Resin

89
Q

This resin is compatible with ethanol so no change to propylene oxide is needed prior to infiltration

A

Spurr’s Resin

90
Q

Polymerization at 60°C is recommended in

A

Spurr’s Resin

91
Q

They are hydrophobic and subsequent oxidation by peroxide to correct this may produce tissue damage (disadvantage)

A

Epoxy plastics

92
Q

The components of many epoxy plastics are toxic and one of its components is known to be carcinogenic

A

Vinyl cyclohexane dioxide (VCD)

93
Q

They have the advantage of being cheap and easy to make

A

Paper boats

94
Q

Is a polycrystalline mixture of solid hydrocarbons produced during the refining of coal and mineral oils

A

Paraffin wax

95
Q

It facilitates complete removal of transition solvents, and prolongs the life of wax by reducing solvent contamination

A

Vacuum Embedding

96
Q

It is less brittle and less compressible than Paraplast

A

Embeddol

97
Q

It is used as an embedding medium for delicate specimens and frozen tissue sections because it prevents fragmentation of tough and friable tissues when frozen sections are cut

A

Gelatin Impregnation

98
Q

It is water-soluble, and does not require dehydration and clearing, although fixatives (such as 10% formalin) should still be washed out by running water whenever indicated

A

Gelatin Impregnation

99
Q

It has a low melting point and does not cause over-hardening of tissues by heating

A

Gelatin Impregnation

100
Q

Each compartment may be utilized for embedding one tissue block, which may then be removed by bending the plastic tray once the wax has solidified or by smearing the inner mold with glycerin or liquid paraffin before embedding

A

Plastic Ice Trays

101
Q

They provide easy and accurate identification of specimen, thereby avoiding confusion and interchange of tissue blocks

A

Paper Boats

102
Q

Can be cut with glass or diamond knives

A

Thin sections of polymerized GMA

103
Q

Does not need to be water-free and indeed it works best with at least some water present

A

Glycol methacrylate (GMA)

104
Q

It forms only non-crosslinked straight chains on polymerization and therefore requires no hardener

A

Glycol methacrylate (GMA)

105
Q

T or F. Ideally, an infiltrating and embedding medium should be expensive.

A

False. Inexpensive

106
Q

T or F. Ideally, an infiltrating and embedding medium should be soluble in processing fluids.

A

True

107
Q

T or F. Ideally, an infiltrating and embedding medium should be heterogenous.

A

False. Homogenous

108
Q

T or F. Ideally, an infiltrating and embedding medium should be suitable for sectioning and ribboning.

A

True

109
Q

T or F. Ideally, an infiltrating and embedding medium should be easy to handle.

A

True

110
Q

T or F. Ideally, an infiltrating and embedding medium should be non-toxic, translucent or transparent; colorless and odorless.

A

True

111
Q

T or F. Ideally, an infiltrating and embedding medium should be stable and capable of flattening after ribboning.

A

True

112
Q

T or F. Ideally, an infiltrating and embedding medium should be molten between 30°C and 60°C.

A

True

113
Q

The simplest, most common and best embedding medium used for routine tissue processing

A

Paraffin

114
Q

What temperature of the wax is used when the laboratory temperature is between 15-18°C?

A

The melting point of wax to be used should be between 50 and 54°C

115
Q

What temperature of the wax is used when the laboratory temperature is ranging from 20-24°C?

A

Paraffin wax with a melting point of 54-58°C

116
Q

Only 2- 3 changes of wax are required to remove the clearing agent and properly impregnate the specimen (what process)

A

Automatic Processing

117
Q

Requires a vacuum infiltrator or embedding oven, consisting of wax baths, fluid trap and vacuum gauge, to which a vacuum of up to 760 mm Hg is applied using a water or mechanical pump.

A

Vacuum infiltration

118
Q

Consists of a flat-bottomed heavy brass chamber covered with a heavy glass lid resting on a wide and thick rubber valve which produces an airtight seal when the chamber is being used

A

Vacuum Embedding Oven

119
Q

Temperature is maintained at 2°C to 4°C above the MP of the wax

A

Vacuum Embedding

120
Q

T or F. Wax that has been trimmed away from the impregnated tissue may be melted and filtered for future use, with a coarse filter paper (e.g. Green’s No. 904)

A

True

121
Q

Paraffin wax are only used how many times?

A

2

122
Q

It is more elastic and resilient than paraffin wax thereby permitting large dense tissue blocks such as bones and brain to be cut easily with the same result as in double embedding

A

Paraplast

123
Q

T or F. During the summer it may be necessary to use 60 to 63°C, although this is to be avoided if possible in order to not to “cook” the tissue.

A

True

124
Q

Is a purified form of nitrocellulose soluble in many solvents, suitable for specimens with large hollow cavities which tend to collapse, for hard and dense tissues such as bones and teeth and for large tissue sections of the whole embryo

A

Celloidin

125
Q

T or F. In celloidin, disadvantages include inability to cut thin sections, storage of blocks in alcohol and speed of technique (which can take several weeks or months)

A

True

126
Q

What are the 2 methods to allow solidification of block?

A

a) Place the preparation inside the ref at -5°
b) Immerse it in cold water

127
Q

Product of embedding?

A

TISSUE BLOCK

128
Q

What embedding uses High Resolution Light Microscopy (tissue sections thinner than the usual 4-6 μm, such as renal biopsies a n d bone marrow biopsies)

A

Plastic (Resins) Embedding

129
Q

Were originally introduced for electron microscopy in the mid- 1950s, but have been superseded by more superior epoxides, and are now seldom used.

A

Polyester plastics

HISTOPATH LEC (4 decks)

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