INTRO Flashcards
(257 cards)
1
Q
Father of Modern Pathology
A
Rudolph Virchow
2
Q
Refers to the death of the entire body
A
Somatic Death
3
Q
Involves examination of dead body
A
Autopsy
4
Q
Acquired decrease in tissue or organ size
A
Atrophy
5
Q
Study of tumor or neoplasm
A
Oncology
6
Q
It is the manner on how the disease developed
A
Pathogenesis
7
Q
Release of foul odor due to increase (bacterial decomposition) in saprophytic organ, manifested by greenish discoloration of abdomen due to invasion
A
Putrefaction
8
Q
Type of autopsy done in private hospitals to determine cause to death
A
Routine Hospital Autopsy or Clinical Autopsy
9
Q
Cell death is due to ischemia
A
Coagulative
10
Q
Affected cells can get back to its normal state or condition by using several cellular adaptations mechanism
A
Reversible Injury
11
Q
Condensation of nucleus
A
Pyknosis
12
Q
Tumor formation; continuous proliferation of abnormal cells
A
Neoplasia
13
Q
Cells involved is epithelial cells
A
Epithelial Metaplasia
14
Q
Failure of organ to form an opening
A
Atresia
15
Q
Due to lack of hormones needed to maintain normal size and structure
A
Endocrine Atrophy
16
Q
Happens when limits of adaptive response are exceeded or when the cell is exposed to an injurious agent or stress
A
Cell Injury
17
Q
Fragmentation or segmentation of nucleus
A
Karyorrhexis
18
Q
Program cell death; cell shrinkage; normal cell death; death of single cell in a cluster of cells
A
Apoptosis
19
Q
Cell swelling; the affected cell becomes enlarged
A
Necrosis
20
Q
Due to arterial occlusion
i.e. bacterial infection
A
Dry Gangrene
21
Q
Destruction of functioning units of tissue
A
Function laesa
22
Q
Drying and wrinkling of the anterior chamber of the eye and cornea
A
Desiccation
23
Q
Changes that can be noted few hours after death
A
Secondary Changes
24
Q
Rigidity; stiffening of muscles
A
Rigor Mortis
25
Destruction of cells or tissues
Autolysis
26
Organs are removed per group
Anton Ghon’s Technique
27
Involves examination only of a region or few regions of the body
Partial Autopsy
28
Must be release after 1 week
Autopsy Report
29
Slowly growing mass
Benign Tumors
30
Determines the spread of cancer in a patient
Staging of Tumors
31
Determines the percentage of differentiated and undifferentiated
Grading of Tumors
32
Retention Period (SPECIMEN): Pathology Blocks
10 years
33
Must be release 5 - 15 minutes
Frozen Section
34
Result of biopsy; Must be release after 24 hours
Surgical Pathology
35
Cadaver is opened from both shoulders down from the xiphoid area and incised down to the pubis
Y shaped incision
36
Involves examination of the whole body (head to foot)
Complete
37
All organs are removed at same time
Technique by M. Letulle
(Letulle)
38
Redness
Rubor
39
Appears soft and greasy – resembling cottage cheese
Caseous
40
Tissue reaction to injury
Inflammation
41
One of the paired organs is removed
Compensatory Hypertrophy
42
AKA pre-neoplastic lesion or atypical metaplasia
Dysplasia
43
AKA de-differentiation
Anaplasia
44
Common term for all malignant tumors (benign or malignant)
Cancer
45
Too much workload can cause general wasting of tissues
Exhaustion Atrophy
46
Increase in size is due to an increase in the size of individual cells comprising an organ; NO new cells are produced
Hypertrophy
47
Structural, biochemical, functional changes
Molecular and Morphologic Changes
48
Complete non-appearance of organ; absence of organ, did not develop (at birth)
Agenesia
49
A state that lies intermediate between NORMAL/UNSTRESSED cell & INJURED/OVERSTRESSED cell
Cellular Adaptation
50
Involves transformation of adult cell to another adult cell
Metaplasia
51
Involves removal of the entire mass / organ. Most reliable
Excisional Biopsy
52
Involves removal and examination of tissues sample from a living person to detect malignant / cancerous conditions
Biopsy
53
Result of PAP’s SMEAR. Must be release after 24 hours
Cytopathology
54
Blood will clot
Post mortem clotting
55
Purplish discoloration of skin due to sinking of fluid blood into capillaries of the dependent parts
Livor Mortis/ Lividity/ Post Mortem Hemolysis
56
AKA Necropsy
Autopsy
57
Done by government institutions such as NBI for the purpose of prosecution
Medico Legal Autopsy/ Forensic Autopsy
58
Cause; Either genetic or acquired; Some are idiopathic (unknown cause)
Etiology
59
Incomplete of defective development of organ
Aplasia
60
Abnormal growth and differentiation; Variation of size, shape and orientation; A pre-neoplastic lesion
Dysplasia
61
New growth; Tumor
Neoplasm
62
Cell injury can be ______ or ______
Reversible or Irreversible
63
Pain; due to the release of chemical substances
Dolor
64
Dissection is carried out in its original place
Technique by Karl Rokitansky
65
Commonly done in children and infants
Straight cut incision
66
Involves removal of top layer of skin by shaving
Shave Biopsy
67
Retention Period (SPECIMEN): Cytogenetic slides
3 years
68
Retention Period (RECORDS): Autopsy Forensic Reports
Indefinitely
69
What is the benign tumor of BONE?
Osteoma
70
Poorly differentiated, moderately or well differentiated
Malignant Tumor
71
Affects group of neighboring cells
Necrosis
72
Due to the complete digestion of dead cells
Liquefactive
73
Fat destruction due to release of pancreatic lipases, death of fat tissue due to loss of blood supply
Fat Necrosis
74
Due to venous occlusion i.e embolism of foot
Wet Gangrene
75
What are the 2 ultimate goals of inflammation
1. To remove injurious agent
2. Remove consequences of inflammation
76
Due to disease (pathologic); accidental and unregulated; ALWAYS PATHOLOGIC PROCESS
Necrosis
77
Immune reactions in blood vessels; the changes are too small to see grossly
Fibrinoid
78
Involves removal of part of a mass/ organ, preferred for tumors which cannot be removed completely
Incisional Biopsy
79
Taking a deeper sample of skin with a biopsy instrument that removes a short cylinder, or "apple core," of tissue
Punch Biopsy
80
What is the percentage of differentiated cells in Grade III?
50% - 25%
81
Retention Period (RECORDS): Cytogenetics Report
20 years
82
Retention Period (SPECIMEN): Cytogenetic Diagnostic Images
20 years
83
Involves the examination of surgical specimens removed from the body (biopsy) or sometimes the examination of dead body (autopsy) to diagnose disease and to determine cause of death respectively
Anatomical Pathology
84
Failure of an organ to reach its normal mature adult size
Hypoplasia
85
Cells may undergo various adaptations in certain physiologic and pathologic conditions, controlled by complex mechanisms
Cellular Adaptation
86
Replaces lost cells of the body
Labile Cells
87
Not capable of replication after maturation
Permanent Cells
88
Kind of hypertrophy that is due to disease
Pathologic Hypertrophy
89
Due to disease; may give rise to neoplasm; may be due to stimulation of growth factors
Pathologic Hyperplasia
90
Persistent or continuous pressure on the organ or tissue may directly injure the cell or may secondarily promote diminution of blood supply
Pressure Atrophy
91
The decrease of tissue or organ size is due to disease
Pathologic Atrophy
92
The inactivity or diminished activity/function
Atrophy of Disuse
93
Will lead to cell death
Irreversible Injury
94
How many minutes can a hypoxic injury be irreversible for neurons?
3 - 5 minutes
95
What are the gross changes in reversible injury?
Organ pallor
Increased weight
96
Cooling of the body; first secondary change to appear
Algor Mortis
97
What is the most important requirement in autopsy?
Get a consent from the nearest kin of the patient
98
Cadaver is opened from the midline of the body from the suprasternal notch down to the pubis
Straight Cut Incision
99
Named by adding suffix sarcoma or carcinoma
Malignant Tumor
100
No spread or metastasis
Benign Tumor
101
What is the percentage of undifferentiated cells in Grade I?
0% - 25%
102
Similar to FNAB but uses a larger needle for larger tissue sample
Core Biopsy
103
Process of taking pieces of tissues from a dead person for the purpose of examination or investigation
Autopsy
104
On gross, necrotic material appears like “chalky white precipitates”
Fat Necrosis
105
Plasma membrane remains intact, the cellular content do not leaked out; there is no leakage of cellular contents/components
Apoptosis
106
Affected cells can no longer get back to its normal state
Irreversible Injury
107
Irreversible injury is due to:
1. Enzymatic digestion of cells
2. Protein Denaturation
108
A form of incisional biopsy where small pieces of tumor tissues are removed using special forceps. Example: endoscopic biopsy
Bite Biopsy
109
Multi-disciplinary filed that focuses on disease at the sub microscopic, molecular level
Molecular Pathology
110
Even the normal function could be affected
Functional Derangement and Clinical Manifestations
111
The affected organ shows no resemblance to the normal adult structure
Aplasia
112
Often used as criterion for malignancies
Anaplasia
113
Involves laboratory analysis of body fluids (blood, urine, CSF etc) and other bodily tissue for the diagnosis of disease
Clinical Pathology
114
Study of the structural, biochemical & functional changes in cells tissues, organs that underlie disease
Pathology
115
Does not undergo cell division frequently
Stable Cells
116
Heat; transfer of internal heat to the site of injury of tissue
Calor
117
Swelling; due to the extravascular accumulation fluid
Tumor
118
What are the 5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation?
1. Rubor
2. Dolor
3. Calor
4. Tumor
5. Function laesa
119
Changes that can be noted/observed immediately after death
Primary Changes
120
The importance of ____ can determine if body position has changed at the scene of death
Livor Mortis/ Lividity/ Post Mortem Hemolysis
121
Usually done in adult cadaver
Y shaped incision
122
The organs are removed from the body one by one
Technique by Rudolph Virchow
123
Best method to preserve vascular supply and relationship between organs
Anton Ghon’s Technique
124
Retention Period (RECORDS): Clinical Pathology Lab. Reports (results in cc, hema, etc.)
10 years
125
Retention Period (SPECIMEN): Pathology/Bone Marrow Slides
10 years
126
Retention Period (RECORDS): Surgical Pathology and Bone Marrow Reports (histopath results)
10 years
127
Noninvasive to another organ or tissues
Benign Tumors
128
Loss of membrane integrity
Necrosis
129
On gross, affected organs is somewhat firm, appearing like boiled material
Coagulative
130
Microscopically, the affected blood vessels appears thickened
Fibrinoid
131
On gross, affected organ appears liquefied, creamy yellow because of pus
Liquefactive
132
Microscopically it appears as amorphous granular debri surrounded by granulomatous inflammation
Caseous
133
On microscopy, infiltrates of foamy macrophage adjacent to adipose tissues
Fat Necrosis
134
Affects single cells
Apoptosis
135
Lysed cells ingested by macrophages
Necrosis
136
Increased mitochondria membrane permeability, release of proapoptotic proteins and formation of apoptotic bodies
Apoptosis
137
Consist of vascular responses, migration and activation of leukocytes and systemic reactions
Inflammation
138
Due to the increase dilatation of blood vessels = ↑ rate of the blood flow on the site of injury
Rubor
139
What delays stiffness in Rigor Mortis?
Cold Temperature and Obese Individuals
140
Is autopsy a mandatory procedure? True or False
False. Autopsy is not a mandatory procedure; may or may not carried out
141
Characterized by “In Situ dissection”
Technique by Karl Rokitansky
142
“en-bloc” removal of organs
Anton Ghon’s Technique
143
This method is widely used and usually with some modifications
Technique by Rudolph Virchow
144
“en-masses/en-lettule” removal of organs
Technique by M. Letulle (Lettule)
145
Dissection is done inside the body
Technique by Karl Rokitansky
146
Best for routine inspection and preservation of connections between organs and organ system
Technique by M. Letulle (Lettule)
147
Tissue/cells are collected using needle and syringe
Needle Biopsy (FNAB - Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy)
148
What is the percentage of undifferentiated cells in Grade IV?
75% - 100%
149
Procedure is simple, inexpensive, least invasive. Hospitalization is prevented. Less complications
Needle Biopsy (FNAB - Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy)
150
What are the 2 Value of Grading?
1. Guide for Treatment
2. Prognostic Guide
151
Based on the size of primary lesion, extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, presence or absence of metastases
Staging of Tumors
152
In the TNM Classification what does the T signifies?
Size of Tumor
153
In the TNM Classification what does the M signifies?
Presence or absence of metastasis
154
In the TNM Classification what does the N signifies?
Number of lymph nodes involved
155
What are the 2 parts of Tumor?
1. Parenchyma
2. Stroma
156
What is the part of tumor wherein it is the neoplastic cells?
Parenchyma
157
What is the part of tumor wherein it is the connective tissue framework?
Stroma
158
What temperature does Algor Mortis progresses?
Happen at rate of 7˚F (‘yung temp. ng body, bumababa every hour)
159
This is important in establishing time of death?
Algor Mortis
160
Occurs 6-12 hours after death
Rigor Mortis
161
Algor Mortis is faster in?
1. Cold weather
2. Malnourished individuals
162
It’s purpose is to determine extent of injury leading to the death of a person
Autopsy
163
Apoptotic bodies ingested by neighboring cells
Apoptosis
164
Random degradation of DNA
Necrosis
165
Microscopically cell outlines are preserved
Coagulative
166
Characterized by softening of necrotic material due to the action of enzymes
Liquefactive
167
In Fat Necrosis the usually affected organ is?
With increased amount of fat
Ex. Breast
168
Usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg that has lost its blood supply
Gangrenous
169
Due to sudden cut-off of blood supply; usually happens in solid organs (heart, kidneys,
adrenal glands, liver)
Coagulative
170
Usually seen in tuberculosis (TB)
Caseous
171
What are the cytoplasmic changes of Irreversible Injury?
1. Larger cells “cloudy swelling”
2. Increased eosinophilia
172
Dissolution of nucleus (destruction)
Karyolysis
173
What are the nuclear changes in Irreversible Injury?
1. Pyknosis
2. Karyolysis
3. Karyorrhexis
174
What are the microscopic changes in Reversible Injury?
1. Cellular swelling
2. Fatty degeneration/change
175
It is considered as point of no return
Irreversible Injury
176
How many minutes can a hypoxic injury be irreversible for myocardial cells & hepatocytes?
1 - 2 hours
177
How many minutes can a hypoxic injury be irreversible for skeletal muscles?
Many hours
178
Happens when cells of DNA and proteins are damaged beyond repair —> cells kill itself by ___ = the affected cell becomes smaller; reduction of cell size
Apoptosis
179
The plasma membrane is disrupted/ damaged —> cellular contents leaked out = inflammation
Necrosis
180
Occurs if blood supply to an organ becomes reduced or below critical level; sudden cut-off of blood supply
Vascular Atrophy
181
Due to lack of nutritional supply to supply normal growth
Starvation or Hunger Atrophy
182
Occurs as consequence of maturation; normal
Physiologic Atrophy
183
Irreversible process; transformation of adult cell to primitive or embryonic cell type (adult —> primitive)
Anaplasia
184
Reversible process; no cell transformation
Dysplasia
185
Considered as reversible process
Metaplasia
186
Area of science focusing on all the changes in cells, tissues, organs
Pathology
187
Frequently dividing
Labile Cells
188
Replaces injured cells
Stable Cells
189
Condition in which an orifice or passage in body either closed or absent
Atresia
190
It’s purpose is to preserve tissues of the dead person for further examination and for further research
Autopsy
191
It is characterized by abnormal proliferation of cells
Neoplasia
192
Bleeding from cut surfaces is common
Malignant Tumor
193
No recurrence after surgery
Benign Tumors
194
Does not lead to death
Benign Tumors
195
In Rigor Mortis it starts at _____ hours following death; completes at ______ hours and stiffness remains for _______ hours, persist for ______days
2 - 3 hours; 6 - 8 hours; 12 - 36 hours; 3 - 4 days
196
What hasten stiffness in Rigor Mortis?
Warm environment and in infants
197
Invasive to other organs
Malignant Tumor
198
No inflammatory response
Apoptosis
199
After irreversible injury
Cell Death
200
Pathologic cell death
Necrosis
201
Father of Cytopathology
George Papanicolaou
202
PAPANICOLAOU SMEAR and STAIN is a screening test for?
Cervical Cancer
203
Used in Papanicolaou stain in order to stain
the NUCLEUS
Harris Hematoxylin
204
Considered as the LARGEST and MOST MATURE
but with VERY SMALL nuclei
Superficial Cells
205
What is the routine tissue adhesive?
Mayer’s egg albumin
206
2 categories of specimen in Cytology
1. Gynecological
2. Non-gynecological
207
Impression smear or Touch smear is also called?
Abraded Cytology
208
What are the four ways to prepare a smear?
1. Streaking
2. Spreading
3. Pull-apart
4. Touch or Impression smear
209
In cytology, we NEVER used Mayer’s egg albumin. True or False?
True. Because this is INTENSELY STAINED by the COUNTER STAIN used in PAPs and IF this is used, it will take up the color / dye
210
Stain the CYTOPLASM of MATURE superficial cells
OG 6
211
Stain the CYTOPLASM of IMMATURE cells
EA 50
212
What is the second counter stain?
EA 50
213
What is the first counter stain?
OG 6
214
It is called Pap Smear because it uses what stain?
Papanicolaou Stain
215
These are boat shaped cells with a tendency to fold or curl on edges
Navicular Cells
216
What are the 2 Manner of Reporting Pap’s Smear
1. Class System
2. Bethesda System
217
Developed at national Cancer Institute in December 1988
Bethesda System
218
SMALLER than intermediate cells
Parabasal cells
219
No longer used, last used December 1988); obsolete
Class System
220
Currently used/adopted to report the result of PAP smear
Bethesda System
221
Conclusive for malignant cells
Class V
222
What fixative for cytologic smear is considered as the BEST but NOT COMMONLY used?
Equal parts of 95% ethyl alcohol & ether
223
MOST COMMONLY USED FIXATIVE for cytology?
95% ethyl alcohol
224
Involves examination of cells, specifically cells desquamated or the cells shed from epithelial surfaces
Exfoliative Cytology
225
Involves microscopic examination of cells taken from different body sites for diagnostic purposes
Diagnostic Cytology
226
Extra sediments are used for?
Cell Block Technique
227
SHED TRAUMATICALLY
Basal Cells
228
FRIED EGG APPEARANCE
Parabasal Cells
229
Round to oval shaped cells with translucent basophilic cytoplasm due to glycogen accumulation
Pregnancy cells
230
Parabasal cells are normally found from and increased number in?
Child birth
Abortion
Menopause
Two weeks of age to puberty
231
Negative for malignant cells
Class I
232
POLYHEDRAL CELLS with BASOPHILIC and VACULATED cytoplasm
Intermediate Cells
233
Polyhedral flat cells with small dark pyknotic nuclei (less than 6u)
Superficial Cells
234
Medium sized cells
Intermediate Cells
235
Small (13-20u) round, slightly oval cells, with relatively large nucleus occupying half or more of
the cell volume
Basal Cells
236
Suspicious for malignant cells
Class III
237
Results in PALE GREENISH BLUE
T. Vaginalis
238
Results in BLUE
Vesicular nucleus
239
Results in VIOLET
Mycelia
240
Atypical cells present, but negative for malignant cells
Class II
241
Results in DARK BLUE
Bacteria
242
ROUTINE cytologic fixative
95% ethyl alcohol
243
Results in OLIVE GREEN with a hint of BROWN and RED
Cytoplasm in EA 36 to 50
244
Strongly suggestive of malignant cells
Class IV
245
Cells that shows TRUE ACIDOPHILIA, cytoplasm may be acidophilic or basophilic
Superficial Cells
246
Results in DARK BLUE to black
Pyknotic nucleus
247
Results in ORANGE with a hint of GREEN
Cytoplasm in OG 6
248
A bluing agent
Ammonia water then wash
249
Using loop needle or applicator stick, spread the specimen in a ZIGZAG manner
Streaking
250
Spread the specimen by using another or 2 SLIDES, NOT by using loop, applicator stick, or needle
Pull-apart
251
Preserves intercellular relationship
Spreading
252
Allow the slide to come in contact with cut surface of tissue
Touch preparation or impression smear
253
Size and Depth of Tissue Cassette
Size: 2.5 x 4 cm
Depth: 5 mm
254
Ideal size and thickness of specimen?
Size: 3 x 2 cm
Thickness: 3 - 5 mm
255
Ideal size of the lung specimen?
1 - 2 cm
256
What is the purpose of formalin?
PRESERVE and HARDEN
257
Place the specimen on the slide, and using a loop/applicator or needle, spread the specimen to form OVAL or CIRCULAR smear
Spreading
