Inflammation Flashcards
what is the definition of inflammation?
Inflammation: automatic response to cell injury that
1) neutralizes harmful agents
2) removes dead tissue
3) prepares the injured tissue for healing
What are the types of inflammation? (scope)
active inflammation can be acute/chronic, localized/systemic
name some risk factors for unhealthy inflammation?
autoimmune disorders
Allergies
Age
Chronic stress
drinking/smoking/drugs
High sugar/high carb diet
Obesity
Diabetes
Genetics
Lack of sleep
What are the five signs of inflammation?
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- loss of function
What is the first stage of the acute inflammatory response?
- vascular changes
- action of inflammatory mediators
- infiltration of tissue by WBCs
What is exudate?
Fluid that contains leukocytes, plasma proteins, biochemical mediators
What are the three types of exudate?
- serous (thin watery)
- fibrinous (thick and sticky)
- purulent (thick, opaque, yellow)
What is the cox pathway?
- Cell membrane is disturbed
- Membrane phospholipids produce arachidonic acid
- activate the cyclooxygenase pathway → produce prostaglandins
What is a difference between histamines and prostaglandins talked about in class?
histamines are short acting, prostaglandins are long acting
How do NSAIDs work?
blocks the cyclooxygenase pathway –> no prostaglandin production
What are the steps of the vascular stage of acute response?
- Injury
- Mast cells release inflammatory mediators (histamines, prostaglandins, leukotrines)
- Inflammatory mediators cause vasodilation (increased blood flow causes heat, capillary pressure pushes fluid into the tissue causes swelling)
- Inflammatory mediators increase vascular permeability (osmotic pressure pulls fluid into tissue causing swelling)
- Swelling compresses pain receptors (causes pain)
What is walling off?
macrophages accumulate and isolate the SOI
What is the White Blood Cell Response?
Inflammatory mediators cause WBC production
WBC count increases (leukocytosis)
What is the acute phase response?
chemicals produced by leukocytes act on:
brain: fever, fatigue, malaise, sleepiness, shivering
bone marrow: leukocytosis
skeletal muscle metabolism causes muscle wasting
liver metabolism: synthesized acute phase proteins
During an acute inflammatory response, there are two types of systemic responses and two types of local responses. What are they?
local: vascular and cellular
systemic: WBC and acute phase
What is the cellular stage of inflammation?
part of the local inflammatory response
neutrophils and macrophages enter into the tissue:
1) destroy infective organisms
2) remove damaged cells
3) release more inflammatory mediators
What is diapedesis?
squeezing between cells
to enter into the SOI
What are some inflammatory mediators that neutrophils/macrophages release at the injured area?
4
1) histamines
2) arachidonic acid derivatives
3) plasma proteins
4) cytokines
What are the first four events to occur during an acute phase response
1) vasodilation
2) edema
3) neutrophils
4) macrophages
What is leukocytosis
WBC count rises as a result of inflammatory mediator signalling
What happens in the hepatic acute phase response?
liver makes fibrinogen and CRP to facilitate clotting, bind to pathogens and moderate inflammatory responses
What are the two hypothesis of how atherosclerosis forms?
1) endothelial injury
2) lipid infiltration
What is the function of HDLs
transporting lipids from the bloodstream to the liver for processing
What is the function of LDLs
transporting lipids from the liver to tissues
