Inflammation

Question 1

Definition of inflammation

Answer 1

Protective response to dilute, isolate and eliminate the cause of injury, and to repair tissue damage resulting from the injury

Question 2

Repair begins during what phase of inflammation

Answer 2

Early on

Question 3

How is injured tissue replaced in inflammation

Answer 3

By regeneration of native parenchymal cells, filling with fibroblasts, or a combination of the two

Question 4

The inflammatory process is primarily a reaction of what?

Answer 4

Blood vessels resulting in the accumulation of fluid, electrolytes, plasma proteins and leukocytes in extravascular tissues

Question 5

Vasodilation is responsible for…

Answer 5

Heat and redness

Question 6

Increased vascular permeability is responsible for…

Answer 6

Swelling

Question 7

Mediator release is responsible for…

Answer 7

Pain and loss of function

Question 8

Connective tissue cells involved in inflammatory response

Answer 8

Mast cells, fibroblast, macrophages

Question 9

Cells in the blood vessels involved in inflammation

Answer 9

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte, lymphocyte, platelets, monocytes, clotting factors, eosinophils, basophils

Question 10

Cells in the connective tissue involved in inflammation

Answer 10

Elastic fibers, collagen fibers, proteoglycans

Question 11

Acute inflammation

Answer 11

Rapid, short lived, exudation of fluid and plasma proteins, neurtophils

Question 12

Chronic inflammation

Answer 12

Long, lymphocytes and macrophages, fibrosis, tissue necrosis

Question 13

3 major components of acute inflammation

Answer 13

Vasodilation (increase blood flow), endothelial permeability (leukocytes leave circulation), activation of leukocytes

Question 14

Vasodilation is induced by…

Answer 14

The action of mediators on vascular smooth muscle

Question 15

Vasodilation mediators

Answer 15

MO, bradykinin, PGD2, LTB4

Question 16

Why does blood stasis occur with vasodilation

Answer 16

There is increased viscosity of the blood

Question 17

Increased vascular permeability leaves in a ______ in intravascular osmotic pressure and ____ interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

Answer 17

Decrease; increase

Question 18

Transudate vs exudate: which happens in the arterioles, capillaries and venules during acute inflammation

Answer 18

Transudate in arterioles, exudate in capillaries and venules

Question 19

8 cells of inflammation

Answer 19

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils & mast cells, monocytes & macrophages, lymphocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, fibroblasts

Question 20

What are the first WBCs to attain the inflammatory site

Answer 20

Neutrophils

Question 21

What is the main function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response

Answer 21

Kill, eliminate foreign material, and limit growth

Question 22

What are neutrophil extracellular traps?

Answer 22

Activated neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin that form extracellular fibers to bind gram positive and negative bacteria

Question 23

Eosinophils can induce histamine release from what cells?

Answer 23

Mast cells and basophils

Question 24

Mast cells are located…

Answer 24

Perivascular

Question 25

Basophils are located...

Answer 25

In circulation

Question 26

Where are basophils and mast cells most numerous

Answer 26

At sites of contact with the external environment

Question 27

What Ig do mast cells and basophils bind to?

Answer 27

IgE (Fc portion)

Question 28

What is the hallmark of chronic inflammation?

Answer 28

Macrophages

Question 29

What are two cellular events in inflammation

Answer 29

Leukocyte extravasation and phagocytosis

Question 30

What is margination

Answer 30

When WBCs collect along the endothelium

Question 31

What is rolling

Answer 31

When WBCs adhere transiently to the endothelium wall

Question 32

Leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium is controlled by what?

Answer 32

Selectins and integrins and their ligands

Question 33

TNF and IL-1 induce endothelial expression of...

Answer 33

ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which binds integrins in the surface of WBCs

Question 34

What is another name for transmigration

Answer 34

Diapedesis

Question 35

Where does transmigration predominantly occur

Answer 35

In the venules

Question 36

What acts on the rolling WBCs in the venules to stimulate their activation and migration through the endothelium

Answer 36

Chemokines

Question 37

What WBCs usually transmigrate first

Answer 37

Neutrophils

Question 38

Steps of the leukocyte adhesion cascade

Answer 38

Rolling, activation by chemokines and cytokines, stable adhesion and migration through the endothelium

Question 39

Chemotaxis

Answer 39

Movement toward the site of injury along a chemical gradient

Question 40

Chemotactic factors

Answer 40

C5a, arachidonic acid metabolites, LPS, histamines, PAF, chemokines

Question 41

The production of chemokines is induced by...

Answer 41

Exogenous irritants

Question 42

3 steps of leukocyte phagocytosis and degranulation

Answer 42

Recognition and attachment, engulfment, killing or degradation

Question 43

Mannose receptors on leukocytes bind

Answer 43

Glycoproteins and glycolipids on microbial cell walls

Question 44

Scavenger receptors on leukocytes bind

Answer 44

Microbes and modified LDL particles

Question 45

Macrophage integrins bind

Answer 45

Microbes

Question 46

Opsonization

Answer 46

Coating of the extraneous matter with opsonin's which bind to leukocytes

Question 47

3 main opsonins

Answer 47

Fc fragment of IgG, C3b and plasma proteins such as mannose-binding lectin

Question 48

Microbial killing is accomplished largely by...

Answer 48

Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and lysosomal enzymes

Question 49

3 situations that lead to leukocyte-induced tissue injury

Answer 49

Lysosome rupture, regurgitation during feeding, frustrated phagocytosis

Question 50

Mediators of vasodilation

Answer 50

PGD2, NO, leukotrienes, histamine and bradykinin

Question 51

Mediators of increased vascular permeability

Answer 51

Histamine, serotonin, C3a/C5a, leukotrienes, cytokines

Question 52

Mediators of chemotaxis and leukocyte activation

Answer 52

C5a, leukotriene, chemokines, LPS, cytokines

Question 53

Mediators of fever

Answer 53

Cytokines and prostaglandins

Question 54

Mediators of pain

Answer 54

Prostaglandins and bradykinin

Question 55

Mediators of tissue damage

Answer 55

Neutrophil and macrophage lysosomal enzymes

Question 56

Vasoactive amines

Answer 56

Histamine and serotonin

Question 57

Plasma proteins

Answer 57

Kinins, clotting system, complement system

Question 58

Activation of the kinin system results in the release of

Answer 58

Bradykinin

Question 59

The kinin system is activated by...

Answer 59

The intrinsic coagulation pathway (Hageman, factor XII)

Question 60

What inactivates bradykinin

Answer 60

Kininase

Question 61

What represents the main link between the coagulation system and inflammation?

Answer 61

Protease thrombin

Question 62

What is the complement system important in?

Answer 62

Inflammation, opsonization, cell lysis

Question 63

3 pathways of complement system

Answer 63

Classical, alternative, lectin

Question 64

What is the membrane attack complex

Answer 64

Polymerization of C9 forming a channel in lipid membranes, it allows for fluid and ions to enter the cell and cause lysis

Question 65

Membrane attack complex complement proteins

Answer 65

C5b-C9

Question 66

Vascular effects complement proteins

Answer 66

C3a and C5a

Question 67

AA metabolism complement proteins

Answer 67

C5a

Question 68

Leukocyte activation, adhesion and chemotaxis complement protein

Answer 68

C5a

Question 69

Phagocytosis complement protein

Answer 69

C3b

Question 70

The breakdown of arachidonic acid results in what metabolites?

Answer 70

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, lipoxins and leukotrienes

Question 71

Two pathways of AA metabolism

Answer 71

Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenases

Question 72

AA metabolites participate in...

Answer 72

Every aspect of acute inflammation

Question 73

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is produced by

Answer 73

Leukocytes, platelets and endothelial cells

Question 74

What are cytokines

Answer 74

Proteins produced by many cell types that modulate functions of other cell types

Question 75

2 major cytokines that mediate inflammation

Answer 75

TNF and IL-1

Question 76

Outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 76

Complete resolution, healing, chronic inflammation, abscess formation

Question 77

How is tissue damage repaired?

Answer 77

By parenchymal regeneration or by connective tissue replacement (fibrosis)

Question 78

When will scar formation occur

Answer 78

When there is damage to the tissue framework, damaged connective tissue

Question 79

Labile cells

Answer 79

Constant turnover, easily replaceable

Question 80

Quiescent cells

Answer 80

In resting phase, G0 cells have to cycle

Question 81

Permanent cells

Answer 81

Replaced by scar or cavity

Question 82

Steps of fibrosis and scarring

Answer 82

Formation of new blood vessels, migration/proliferation of fibroblasts, deposits of ECM components, maturation/organization of fibrous tissue

Question 83

Granulation tissue is due to...

Answer 83

The formation of new small blood vessels, edema, proliferation of fibroblasts and presence of macrophages

Question 84

Angiogenesis can occur by...

Answer 84

Mobilization of endothelial precursor cells from the bone marrow and by pre-existing vessels

Question 85

Growth factors in angiogenesis

Answer 85

VEGF, angiopoietins 1 and 2, FGFs, PDGF, TGF-B

Question 86

3 processes of fibrosis

Answer 86

Emigration and proliferation of fibroblasts, deposition of ECM components, tissue remodeling

Question 87

Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts is controlled by...

Answer 87

Growth factors and cytokines

Question 88

Growth factors are mainly derived from...

Answer 88

Platelets, inflammatory cells, and endothelium