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Animal Health & Disease > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What is immunity?

A

The body’s ability to resist or eliminate potentially pathogenic agents or abnormal cells

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2
Q

3 functions of the immune system

A

Defense, eliminate, surveillance

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of immune responses

A

Innate and adaptive (nonspecific and specific)

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4
Q

Barriers of the innate immune response

A

Physiological and anatomic (phagocytic, inflammatory, and intact epithelium)

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5
Q

Innate vs acquired: receptors

A

Not rearranged, rearranged

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6
Q

Innate vs acquired: cells

A

Macrophages, neutrophils and NK cells; CD4 cells, CD8 cells, B cells

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7
Q

Innate vs acquired: effector mechanisms

A

Innate: Phagocytosis, cell recruitment, macrophage activation, pathogen destruction
Adaptive; complement activation, cytotoxicity, pathogen destruction

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8
Q

Physical barriers of the innate response

A

Skin, mucous membranes, temperature

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9
Q

Chemical barriers of the innate response (5)

A

Lysozyme, lactoferrin, interferon, plasma proteins (complement), defensins

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10
Q

Leukocyte barriers of the innate response (5)

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, NK cells

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11
Q

8 nonimmunologic host defenses

A

Tears, mucus, defensins, intestinal peristalsis, ciliated epithelium, gastric acid, microbial flora, intact skin

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12
Q

What are defensins

A

Antibacterial peptides produced by certain epithelial cells

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13
Q

What is the role of lactoferrin

A

Reduce proliferation

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14
Q

What is the role of interferon

A

Cytokines (proteins) released by cells in response to pathogens or tumor cells, they affect virus replication

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15
Q

What is the role of NK cells

A

Destroy virus infected and cancer cells, nonphagocytic

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16
Q

What chemicals do NK cells form their cytoplasmic granulea

A

Perforins and granzymes

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17
Q

How do NK cells enhance the inflammatory response

A

They secrete cytokines, IFN-gamma, TNF, GM-CSF

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18
Q

How are normal cells not killed by NK cells

A

Inhibitory signals from normal MHC class 1 molecules override activating signals

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19
Q

What do NK cells bind to

A

MHC class I receptors

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20
Q

What participates in the activation of NK cells

A

IFN alpha and beta (from virus infected cells) and IL12 (from macrophages)

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21
Q

2 divisions of adaptive response

A

Humoral (anti-body mediated, B cells) and cellular (cell-mediated, T cells)

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22
Q

2 types of immunity

A

Passive (colostrum and serum) and active (vaccines)

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23
Q

Central lymphoid tissue organs function and examples

A

Where lymphocytes mature and become competent, bone marrow and thymus

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24
Q

Peripheral lymphoid organ function and examples

A

Where adaptive immune responses to microbes are located, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

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25
What comes from the bone marrow
Lymphoid stem cells (B, T and NK cells) and myeloid stem cells (monocytes, dendritic cells, granulocytes)
26
Function of B lymphocytes
Neutralization of microbes, phagocytosis, complement activation
27
Function of helper T lymphocytes
Activation of macrophages, inflammation, activation of T and B lymphocytes
28
Function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Killing of infected cells
29
Function of regulatory T lymphocytes
Suppression of immune response
30
What are lymphocytes in the thymus called
Thymocytes
31
What is the thymus responsible for
Developing immature T cells into immunocompetent T cells
32
What do lymphoid stem cells lack when they enter the thymus
Surface antigens, including T cell antigen receptor complex and mature T cell markers (CD4 and CD8)
33
What results in immature T cells
Progenitor cells undergoing development into descendant cells with rearranged alpha and beta genes of the TCR
34
What forms the TCR complex
TCR and CD3 molecules
35
2 major functions of the spleen
Destruction of old RBC and it is a major site for mounting immune responses
36
What brings antigens to the spleen
Migratory macrophages and dendritic cells (present them to T and B cells)
37
Red pulp
Blood vessels arranged to facilitate removal of old and damaged RBCs
38
White pulp
Lymphocytes and accessory cells
39
Lymph nodes are composed mostly of...
T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages
40
What is an antigen
A substance that induces a specific immune response and reacts with the products of the response
41
What is an antigenic determinant
A specific sit of an antigen that binds to an antibody
42
A single immune response to an antigen is termed...
Monoclonal
43
What are 4 steps in the humoral response
1. APCs (macrophages) present 2. Activation of lymphocytes 3. Proliferation 4. Differentiation
44
MHC II are recognized by...
CD4+ T cells (helper cells)
45
In contrast to class I, MHC II molecules are mainly expressed on cells that present...
Ingested antigens and respond to T-cell help
46
MHC I are recognized by...
CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T cells)
47
What is a key difference between where MHC I and II are expressed
MCH I are expressed on all cells, but MHC II are only presented on APCs
48
The B cell receptor complex is composed of...
Membrane IgM (or IgD) and the signaling proteins Ig(alpha) and Ig(beta)
49
Dendritic cells
Originate in bone marrow, capture antigens in peripheral sites, present antigens to CD4+ cells
50
Follicular denritic cells
Receptor for IgG and C3b, present antigens to B cells
51
What is the main function of helper T cells (CD4)
Potentiate the immune responses by the secretion of cytokines which activate other cells
52
Th1
Cell mediated immunity - activation of macrophages
53
Th2
Antibody production - activation of B lymphocytes
54
Th17
Inflammation - recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes
55
Th1 lymphocytes promote...
Cell mediated immunity
56
Th2 lymphocytes promote...
Humoral immunity
57
How is the concentration of antibody molecules in serum estimated?
By serial dilutions, how many dilutions can be made before antigen-antibody binding can no longer be detected
58
What is the structure of an antigen binding domain (of an antibody)
Symmetric core structure, composed of 2 identical light chains and 2 identical heavy chains held together by disulfide bonds
59
The Fc fragment of an immunoglobin varies between ___ but not ___
Antibody classes; within the same class
60
What are the five classes of antibodies
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM
61
How can you distinguish between antibodies
By their heavy chain
62
How many isotypes of IgG are there
4
63
What is the only antibody to pass from the mother to the fetus via the placenta
IgG
64
IgG is mainly produced during the...
Secondary immune response
65
What is the first antibody produced by B cells?
IgM
66
Where is IgG secreted?
In the blood
67
Where is IgA found?
In the secretion of digestive, respiratory and genitourinary system, milk and tears
68
IgD is produced by...
Activation of resting B cells
69
Functions of IgG
Neutralization, precipitation, opsonization, complement activation, antibody-dependent/mediated cellular cytotoxicity
70
Functions of IgM
Agglutination, complement activation
71
Function of IgA
Mucosal protection
72
What do follicular B cells do?
Make antibody responses to protein antigens that require collaboration with helper T cells
73
What do marginal zone B cells do?
Recognize multivalent antigens, like polysaccharides, and mount primarily T-independent antibody responses
74
Isotype switching requires...
The induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)
75
What is the function of AID (in isotype switching)
Converts cytosine to uracil in SSDNA
76
Antibody affinity refers to...
The strength of any given bond between an antibody and its antigen
77
Antibody avidity refers to...
The strength of the overall connection an antibody binds to its antigen
78
Where/when do antibodies mature to high affinity?
During the germinal center reaction, occurs during the course of a T helper cell dependent humoral response

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