Inflammation (week 3) Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
alters cell function without causing death
A
sublethal injury
2
Q
irreversible process that causes cell death
A
lethal injury
3
Q
What are some ways in which sublethal cells are able to adapt to their environment and prevent cell death after injury?
A
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
atrophy
metaplasia
4
Q
an increase in the size of cells, which results in increased tissue mass (no cell division)
A
hypertrophy
5
Q
weightlifting or enlarged uterus during pregnancy is which type of sublethal cell adaptation?
A
hypertrophy
6
Q
increase in the number of cells as a result of increased cellular division
A
hyperplasia
7
Q
What areas of the body undergo hyperplasia?
A
- liver regeneration
- hormonal hyperplasia (endometrium)
- breast development
- uterus
8
Q
A decrease in number or size of cell
A
atrophy
9
Q
This adaptation occurs as a result of disease, lack of blood supply, nutritional deficiency, or the ageing process
A
atrophy
10
Q
in this cell adaptation, there is a reversible transformation of one cell type into another
A
metaplasia
11
Q
give an example of metaplasia?
A
- Circulation of monocytes to macrophages as they migrate into inflamed tissues
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi change to squamous epithelium when smoking
12
Q
in the adaptation of sublethal cell injury, what adaptations are reversible?
A
metaplasia &
hyperplasia
13
Q
Name some causes of lethal cell injury
A
hypoxia physical agents: heat/cold radiation electrothermal injury mechanical trauma chemical injury microbial injury bacteria immunological neoplastic growth normal substances: stomach acid, enzymes
14
Q
What is hypoxia
A
a deficient amount of oxygen reaching tissues
15
Q
what is apoptosis and is it normal?
A
Programmed cell death
it is a normal process in certain regenerating tissues, such as the skin and gut
16
Q
what is necrosis?
A
large scale cellular death or portion of tissue with cellular reaction to dead cells
17
Q
What are the four types of necrosis?
A
- coagulative
- liquefactive
- caseous
- gangrene
18
Q
this type of necrosis is caused by ischemia, often resulting in myocardial infarct.
A
coagulative
19
Q
this type of necrosis is caused by focal bacteria; it kills bacteria but dissolves tissue as it goes causing pus
A
liquefactive
20
Q
this type of necrosis the form of coagulative necrosis that occurs in a myobacterial infections
A
caseous
21
Q
necrosis of an appendage, usually a limb
A
gangrene
22
Q
What are the four defence mechanisms against cell injury
A
Skin and mucous membranes
Mononuclear phagocyte system
Inflammatory response
immune system
23
Q
This system consist of monocytes, macrophages, and precursor cells.
A
mononuclear phagocyte system
24
Q
What are the two main cells that make up the mononuclear phagocyte system?
A
fixed phagocytic cells
free phagocytic cells
25
What tissues and organs have fixed phagocytes?
bone marrow
lungs
lymph nodes
nervous system
26
What tissues and organs are composed of free phagocytes?
monocytes (blood)
| macrophages (connective tissue)
27
Where do monocytes and macrophages originate in the body?
the bone marrow
28
Once monocytes leave the blood and into the connective tissue they become these.
macrophages
29
What do macrophages do once in the connective tissue?
they recognize bad cells and destroy them (phagocytosis)
30
name of macrophage found in the connective tissue
histocytes
31
name of macrophage found in the liver
kupffer cells
32
name of macrophage found in the lung
alveolar macrophages
33
name of macrophage found in the spleen
free and fixed macrophages
34
name of macrophage found in the bone marrow
fixed macrophages
35
name of macrophage found in the lymph nodes
free and fixed macrophages
36
name of macrophage found in the bone tissue
osteoclasts
37
name of macrophage found in the CNS
microglial cells
38
name of macrophage found in the peritoneal cavity
peritoneal macrophages
39
name of macrophage found in the pleural cavity
pleural macrophages
40
name of macrophage found in the skin
histiocytes, langerhans cells
41
name of macrophage found in the synovium
type A cells
42
what is an Inflammatory response?
a response to pathogens that neutralize and dilute inflammatory agents, removes necrotic material and establishes an environment for healing and repair.
43
What type of person may not mount an inflammatory response to infection?
a neutropenic person; someone who has an abnormally low level of neutrophils
44
What is the initial response during a vascular response to injury?
the SNS stimulates vasoconstriction
45
during vascular response, platelets adhere to vessels and aggregate to seal the injured area forming these
fibrin-platelet clot
46
The release of this pro inflammatory mediator causes vasodilation
histamine
47
a mass of cells and fluid that seep out of a blood vessel or an organ especially during inflammation
exudate
48
what are the 5 types of inflammatory exudate?
```
serous
catarrhal
fibrinous
purulent (pus)
hemorrhagic
```
49
exudate where fluid that has low sell in protein content seen in the early stages of information or when injury is mild
give an example
serous
50
exudate found in tissues in which cells produce mucus
give an example
catarrhal
runny nose
51
exudate that increases vascular probability and fibrinogen leakage into interstitial spaces
give an example
fibrinous
adhesion SBO
52
in fibrinous exudate, excessive amounts of this may cause tissues to adhere
fibrin coating
53
exudate that consists of white blood cells, microorganisms, liquified dead cells and other debris's
give an example
purulent (pus)
bases
54
exudate that results from rupture or necrosis of blood vessel walls; consist of red blood cells that escaping to the tissue
give an example
hemorrhagic
hematoma
55
what are the local manifestations (or signs) of inflammation?
```
redness
heat
pain
swelling
loss of function
```
56
what causes redness?
hyperaemia from vasodilation
57
what causes the area to heat up during inflammation?
increased metabolism at inflammatory rate
58
what causes Pain during inflammation
- change in pH
- change in local ionic concentrations
- never stimulation
- pressure from fluid exudates
59
What occurs during swelling when inflammation is happening
fluid shift to interstitial spaces
60
What happens when there is a loss of function during inflammation?
swelling and pain
61
What are the stages of a febrile response?
prodromal
chill
flush
defervescence
62
What happens during the prodromal stage of a febrile response?
mild headache, fatigue, general malaise, muscle aches
63
what happens during the chill stage of a febrile response?
pale skin; feeling of being cold; generalized shaking; chill; shivering causing the body to reach new temperature set by control centre in hypothalamus
64
what happens during the flush stage of a febrile response?
sensation of warmth throughout the body, cutaneous vasodilation, warming and flushing of skin
65
what happens during the defervescence stage of a febrile response
sweating; decrease in body temperature
66
what are the stages in primary intention healing?
1. initial (3-5 days)
2. granulation (5 days-4 weeks)
3. scar contracture (7 days to several months)
67
What is the medical term for pus and what is it composed of?
purulent exudate
neutrophils and other debris
68
Which white blood cell is the first to arrive at site of inflammation and what do they do?
neutrophils
phagocytize bacteria, foreign material, damaged cells
69
What produces neutrophils?
bone marrow
70
What is leukocytosis?
an increase in the total number of WBCs due to any cause
71
What causes the release of bands or banded neutrophils?
during infection or inflammation, there is a high demand for neutrophils resulting in the release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow to keep up with demands. These are known as bands
72
What is the "left shift" in patients with acute bacterial infections?
there are a high number of immature neutrophils present in the blood. the bone marrow is producing more WBCs and releasing them into the blood before they are fully mature
73
What WBC arrives second at the site of inflammation and how?
monocytes; by chemotaxis
74
briefly describe a monocyte.
They transform into macrophages upon arrival. They phagocytize inflammatory debris and clean up area. They have long life spans and can accumulate and form multinucleated giant cells to phagocytize larger particles of debris.
75
What are the maladaptive responses to post injury?
dysplasia
| anaplasia
76
What is dysplasia?
abnormalities in cellular shape, size and appearance
typically seen in cervical dysplasia
77
What is anaplasia?
differentiation of cells to immature or embryonic form
IE: malignant tumors
78
What is the mononuclear phagocyte system?
a system that is composed of monocytes and macrophages. the system recognizes and phagocytes foreign material and participates in immune response
79
Briefly describe what happens in a vascular response.
Vasoconstriction>Vasodilation> Increased permeability> exudate
When tissue is first injured, the small blood vessels in the damaged area constrict momentarily, a process called vasoconstriction. Following this event, the blood vessels dilate (vasodilation), increasing blood flow into the area.
Next, the walls of the blood vessels, become more permeable. Protein-rich fluid, called exudate, is now able to exit into the tissues. Platelet aggregation occurs and seals off the area. WBC's then adhere to the blood vessel walls and emigrate into extravascular space.
80
What is hyperemia?
an excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other part of the body due to increased filtration pressure and increased capillary permeability
81
What is hyperaemia caused by?
vasodilation
82
What causes edema?
Plasma proteins, such as albumin, exert oncotic pressure (pulling pressure) which pulls fluid from the blood vessels into the interstitial space causing edema
83
What is albumin?
is the main plasma protein found in blood. it plays a major role in regulating oncotic pressure
84
What s oncotic pressure?
is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system
85
describe the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels tends to cause water to filter out into the tissue. This leads to a difference in protein concentration between blood plasma and tissue. As a result, ther oncotic pressure of the higher level of protein in the plasma tends to draw water back into the blood vessels from the tissue, causing edema.
86
Briefly describe what happens in a cellular response during inflammation.
phagocytes produce nitric oxide inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth. platelet aggregation occur; leukocytes attach to the endothelium walls.
Macrophages release cytokines, causing endothelial cells to express cellular adhesion. Capillary blood flow into area slows, fluid is lost and viscosity thickens.
neutrophils and monocytes move to the inner surface of capillaries (margination) and then through the walls of the capillary (diapedesis) to the site of injury.
87
What is the accumulation and adhesion of leukocytes to the epithelial cells of blood vessel walls at the site of injury in the early stages of inflammation.
margination
88
what is known as the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.
diapedesis
89
What is chemotaxis?
It is the directional migration of WBCs against concentration gradient of chemotactic factors
90
These attract WBC's to site of injury during inflammation.
chemotactic factors
91
What are chemotactic factors?
any molecule that acts as a chemical stimulant along a concentration gradient attracting macrophages and other phagocytic cells to site of injury
92
This white blood cell arrives later during inflammation. It's role is related to humeral and cell mediated immunity.
lymphocytes
93
These white blood cells are released in large quantities in an allergic reaction.
eosinophils
94
These white blood cells
| control the affects of histamine and serotonin.
eosinophils
95
These white blood cells can phagocytize the antigen-antibody complex and destroy parasite cell surfaces.
eosinophils
96
This white blood cell carries histamine and heparin that are released during inflammation
Basophils
97
What does histamine do during inflammation?
Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues.
98
What does heparin do during inflammation?
heparin has anticoagulant properties and possesses anti-inflammatory effects
99
What are the functions of the chemical mediators?
- enhanced phagocytosis
- increased vascular permeability
- chemotaxis
- cellular lysis
100
What is required for cellular lysis (cell destruction)
The complements C1-C9 need to be activated in sequential order for cellular lysis to occur.
101
Where is histamine stored?
in the granules of circulating mast cells and basophils
102
These two compounds are synthesized from phospholipids on the cell membrane of most body tissues including blood.
prostaglandins
| leukotrienes
103
stimulation from chemotactic factors, phagocytosis or cell injury causes the phospholipids to be converted into this.
arachidonic acid
104
What do prostaglandins do in the body during inflammation?
- Cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
| - increase blood flow causing edema
105
This pathway is a potent pyrogen and acts on the hypothalamus to raise temperatures in the body.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
106
What causes hyperalgesia, which is excessive pain or sensitivity to pain?
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
107
this pathway constricts the smooth muscles of the bronchi causing bronchospasm (asthma)
leukotriene pathways
108
What are some benefits of having a fever?
- killing of microorganisms, increased
- phagocytosis by neutrophils
- increased T cells
- increased interferon (virus-fighting substance
109
what do phagocytes produce that inhibits vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth
nitric oxide
110
Macrophages release cytokine which causes this. endothelial cells to express cellular adhesion
endothelial cells to express cellular adhesion
111
After cellular response, where do neutrophils and monocytes move to and where do they end up?
The inner surface of capillaries (margination) and then through the capillary wall (diapedesis) to the site of injury
112
This WBC's role is related to humeral and cell mediated immunity
lymphocytes
113
this white blood cells controls the affects of histamine and serotonin.
eosinophils
114
this WBC phagocytes the antigen-antibody complex
eosinophils
115
these cells carry histamine and heparin that are released during inflammation
basophils
116
this system is a major mediator of the inflammatory response
complement system
117
What sequence is required for cellular lysis?
the entire sequence of C1-C9
118
These chemical mediators are synthesized from phospholipids on the cell membrane of most body tissues.
prostaglandins and leukotrienes
119
What is arachidonic acid synthesized?
on the prostaglandin pathway or the leukotriene pathway
120
these chemical mediators are considered proinflammatory
prostaglandins
121
these chemical mediators cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
prostaglandin pathways
122
This potent pyrogen acts on the hypothalamus to raise temperatures
PGE2
123
this chemical mediator causes hyperalgesia (excessive pain)
prostaglandins
124
this chemical mediator constricts smooth muscles of bronchi, resulting in brochospamss
leukotriene pathway
125
this pathway causes oedema due to increased capillary permeability
leukotriene
