IV solutions/ Hyper/Hypo Kalmia/Natremia

Question 1

IV solution that is used for people who may experience hypercalcemia

Answer 1

normal saline 0.9%

Question 2

IV solution that is used for people who may experience shock, blood transfusions, or resuscitation

Answer 2

normal saline 0.9%

Question 3

IV solution that is used for people who may experience metabolic alkalosis

Answer 3

normal saline 0.9%

Question 4

IV solution that is used for people who may experience sodium and chloride depletion or gastric fluid loss from vomiting or nasogastric suctioning

Answer 4

1/2 normal saline 0.45% NaCL in water

Question 5

IV solution that is used for people who need to replace fluid and buffers pH

Answer 5

lactated ringers

Question 6

IV solution that is used for people who may experience hypovolemia due to third-space shifting

Answer 6

lactated ringers

Question 7

IV solution that is used in people to raise fluid volume

Answer 7

D5W

Question 8

IV solution that is used for people who may experience hypernatremia

Answer 8

D5W

Question 9

how can hypo or hyperkalemia be determined?

Answer 9

ECG/EKG

level between 3.2 and 5.5 mEq/L

Question 10

in what organ of the body is potassium abundant and what might this interfere with?

Answer 10

cardiac muscle; cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 11

Nerve impulse induction; Essential for normal electrical conduction in the heart; Important for, skeletal muscle contraction

Answer 11

hypokalemia

Question 12

Most common cation in the ECF. Obtained through diet; Absorbed in the small intestine; Excreted in the kidneys

Answer 12

potassium

Question 13

causes of hypokalemia

GOT SHOT

Answer 13

G- GI loss (Vomiting;
Diarrhea)
❖ O- Osmotic Diuresis (ex:
DKA)
T- Thiazide and loop
diuretics
❖ S- Severe Acid Imbalance ( alkalosis)
❖ H- Hyperaldosteronism
❖ O- Other meds such as
Corticosteroids
❖ T- Transcellular Shift (Using
insulin to treat DKA)

Question 14

Interventions for hypokalemia

AID

Answer 14

assess EKG and ABG’s
IV potassium chloride
diet: green leafy vegetables

Question 15

treatment for hypokalemia

Answer 15

Oral potassium
IV potassium
Potassium sparing diuretics

Question 16

Tall peaked T waves, flat P waves, widened QRS complex, prolonged PR intervals

Answer 16

hyperkalemia

Question 17

causes of hyperkalemia

MACHINE

Answer 17

M:medications ace inhibitors
A: acidosis metabolic and respiratory
C: cell destruction
H: hypaldosterone
i: intake of excess K+
N: nephron destruction
E: excretion impaired

Question 18

treatments of hyperkalemia

DIRP

Answer 18

Dialysis
❖ IV calcium
❖ Regular insulin
❖ Potassium excreting diuretics

Question 19

causes of hyponatremia

SIADH

Answer 19

S- SIADH
I: intoxication of water
A: adrenal insufficiency
D: diuretics
H: heat exhaustion

Question 20

treatment of hyponatremia

Answer 20

Replace deficit with NS over 6-12 hours until signs of ECF deficit are stable.
❖ Water restriction.
❖ Diuretic therapy.
❖ Increased Na intake.

Question 21

nursing interventions for hyponatremia

ADD SALT

Answer 21

A - Administer IV Saline solutions.
❖ D - Diuretics Or Dialysis. 
❖ D - daily weights.
❖ S - Safety: orthostatic hypotension.
❖ A - Airway protection! 
❖ L - Limit Water Intake -
for patients with HYPER
volemia.
❖ T - Teach Foods HIGH in salt.

Question 22

Major cation in the ECF, obtained via diet and absorbed in the small intestines excreted via kidneys.

Answer 22

sodium

Question 23

Maintains blood volume and blood pressure. Regulated by aldosterone: conserves sodium Regulation

Answer 23

sodium

Question 24

how is sodium regulated?

Answer 24

ADH: thru dilution or retention of water

NA+ K+ PUMP: moves in and out of cells via active transport.

Question 25

interventions of hypernatremia MAGIC

Answer 25

``` M - monitor sodium intake and labs. ❖ A- Alkaseltzer, Aspirin, and cough preps should not be administered. ❖ G- gravity of urine should be monitored. ❖ I- I&O strict monitoring. ❖ C- Cardiac monitoring. ```

Question 26

causes of hypernatremia DIVA

Answer 26

❖ D- Dehydration. ❖ I - IV hypertonic solution excess. ❖ V - Vitamins “sodium” supplements. ❖ A - amount of sodium intake in excess.

Question 27

hypervolemia

Answer 27

having too much fluid in the body

Question 28

signs and symptoms of hypervoemia

Answer 28

- high blood pressure - edema - SOB due to extra fluid in lungs

Question 29

What causes hypervolemia?

Answer 29

heart failure kidney failure cirrhosis

Question 30

What is hypovolemia?

Answer 30

a state of decreased blood volume or bodily fluids such as diarrhea or vomiting

Question 31

signs and symptoms of hypovolemia

Answer 31

- pale skin - increased heart rate - anxiety - increased RR - sweating

Question 32

Most abundant cation in the Human body. 99% stored in the bones. Primary source is in the bones. You need Vitamin D to aid in absorption, this is obtained via diet and absorbed in the small intestine and excreted by the kidneys.

Answer 32

calcium

Question 33

functions of calcium

Answer 33

ssists in building bones and teeth, facilitates blood clotting, essential for nerve impulses. Plays a key role in skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation, important for normal heart and muscle function.

Question 34

what is calcium regulated by?

Answer 34

parathyroid, calcitriol and calcitonin

Question 35

signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia HE TWITCHES

Answer 35

``` H: hyperactive bowel sounds E: ekg changes T: tetany W: wink (chvostek') I: increased hr then decreased T: trousseau's sign C: circumorla numbness H: hyperactive deep tendon reflexes E: excitability S: seizures ```

Question 36

What causes hypocalcemia?

Answer 36

``` Body's inability to absorb calcium ❖ Decreased calcium intake ❖ Vit D deficient ❖ Lactose intolerance ❖ Crohn's disease ❖ End stage kidney disease ❖ Diarrhea, steatorrhea ❖ Wound drainage ❖ Hyperproteinemia ❖ Alkalosis ❖ Chelating agents or calcium binders ❖ Acute pancreatitis ❖ Removal or damaged parathyroid ❖ Immobility ❖ Hyperphosphatemia ```

Question 37

_______ decreases the amount of calcium bound to albumin, whereas _______ increases the bound fraction of calcium

Answer 37

acidosis; alkalosis

Question 38

A reduction in total serum calcium can result from a decrease in this secondary to liver disease

Answer 38

albumin

Question 39

what causes hypercalcemia? HAM

Answer 39

hyperparathyroidism antacids malignancies cancer cells

Question 40

this is reported as elevation of total plasma calcium levels rather than ionized calcium levels

Answer 40

Hypercalcemia