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Pharmacology and Pathophysiology Own notes > Stress Response (week 2) > Flashcards

Stress Response (week 2) Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

A non-specific response of the body to any demand made on it

A

stress

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2
Q

a subjective condition

A

stress

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3
Q

occurs when a person perceives they cannot cope with demands placed on them

A

stress

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4
Q

what are some types of stressors?

A

physiological or emotional/psychological

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5
Q

a three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress.

A

G.A.S

General adaptive syndrome

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6
Q

what are the three stages to the GAS?

A
  1. alarm phase
  2. stage of resistance
  3. stage of exhaustion
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7
Q

Who pioneered GAS?

A

Hans Selye

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8
Q

stress is perceived, causing a ripple effect of physiological changes to adapt to stress. The response is fight or flight.

A

alarm phase

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9
Q

physiological reserves are mobilized to increase resistance stress

A

stage of resistance

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10
Q

all energy is expended in attempt to adapt; death may result

A

stage of exhaustion

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11
Q

the portion of the brain that perceives the stressor based on past experiences and potential consequences.

A

cerebral cortex

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12
Q

the portion of the brain in which stress stimulates emotions, feelings, and behaviours that ensure survival and self preservation

A

the limbic system

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13
Q

When a person is experiencing chronic stress, it stimulates the reticular formation system, disturbing this?

A

sleep-wake transitions, wakefulness

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14
Q

this portion of the brain releases ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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15
Q

the SNS stimulates the adrenal medulla to release these two neurotransmitters to initiate fight or flight resposne

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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16
Q

proteins that are synthesized by the pituitary gland in response to physiologic stressors such as pain. These proteins relieve pain when bound to their mu-opioid receptors

A

beta-endorphins

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17
Q

analgesic (drug that relives pain)

A

beta-endorphins

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18
Q

the hypothalamus stimulates which system?

A

endocrine system

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19
Q

a hormone that is capable of mediating the inflammatory response by turning off certain aspects of the stress response

A

cortisol

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20
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes these two hormones involved with stress response.

A

cortisol, aldosterone

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21
Q

Name some of the physiological changes that occur when cortisol is secreted during stress response.

A
  • Increase cardiac output (CO)
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Increase oxygen consumption
  • Increased metabolic rate
  • skeletal muscle vasodilation
  • increased cerebral blood flow
  • decrease blood flow to the stomach (causing nausea)
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22
Q

What systems of the body are affected when the sympathetic nervous system is triggered?

A
  • the heart (increased heart rate and cardiac output)
  • blood vessels: vasoconstriction
  • lungs (increase respiration, shallow breathing)
  • adrenal medulla: increased epinephrine and norepineprhine
  • liver: glycogenolysis
  • GI system: decreased secretions and peristalsis
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23
Q

what effects does stress have on our cognition?

A
  • decreased concentration
  • Memory problems
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Impaired decision making
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24
Q

CMANIA

A 
C: classification
M: movement
A: action
N: nursing considerations
I:indication
A: administration
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25
pharmacokinetics
movement
26
pharmacodynamics
action
27
pharmacotherapeutics
indication
28
this classification of drug stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
adrenergic
29
this classification of drug stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system
Cholinergic drugs
30
alpha and beta receptors are found in which nervous system?
the sympathetic nervous system
31
"rest and digest"
parasympathetic nervous system
32
"fight or flight"
sympathetic nervous sytem
33
what are the neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system?
epnephrine | norepinephrine
34
what are the neurotransmitters found in the parasympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
35
what are the receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?
alpha beta dopamine
36
what are the receptors found in the parasympathetic nervous system?
muscarinic (smooth) nicotinic (skeletal)
37
a substance that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor
agonist
38
inhibits the physiological affects of another substance
antagonist/blockers
39
adrenergic agonists affect this part of the nervous system, enhancing this mode
sympathetic nervous system; fight or flight
40
adrenergic antagonists/blockers affect this part of the nervous system, enhancing this mode
sympathetic nervous system; feed, breed, pee, poo
41
ending in "OLOL"
beta blockers
42
cholinergic agonists affect this part of the nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
43
cholinergic antagonists affect this part of the nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
44
``` SLUDE Slude Lacrimation Urination Diarrhea GI distress Emesis ```
cholinergic agonists
45
"Can't see, pee, poo, do"
cholinergic antagonists
46
these drugs mimic the effects of the SNS neurotransmitters epinephrine, noreipneprhine, dopamine
adrenergic drugs
47
endogenous and exogenous substances
adrenergic drugs
48
receptors primarily located in the heart
Beta 1 receptors
49
receptors in smooth muscle of bronchioles of the lungs
Beta 2 receptors
50
what are the three affects stimulated by Beta receptors?
increased heart contraction increased heart rate increased electrical conduction
51
what parts of the heart are affected by beta 1 receptors?
SA node, AV node, myocardium
52
inhibit stimulants in the sympathetic nervous system
adrenergic antagonists
53
receptors that cause arterial and venous dilation
alpha blockers
54
True or false: High dosages of cholinergic drugs affect the nicotinic receptors and cause adverse effects
True
55
Cholinergic receptors binds this hormone and mediates its actions
acetylcholine
56
this classification of drugs is used to treat patients with alzhermiers disease in the early stages.
cholinergic
57
the amount of resistance to stressors varies depending on the individuals _______ and _______
``` physical function (health) coping mechanisms ```
58
What is allostasis?
the process of achieving homeostasis in the response to challenge or stressors
59
What happens when homeostasis is not achieved in the resistance phase of GAS?
Adaptation does not occur, which leads to the final stage, exhaustion
60
During a physiological response to stress, what three systems of the body are impacted concurrently?
the nervous system the endocrine system the immune system
61
What are the neurochemical links between the CNS and the the immune system?
cytokines | neuropeptides
62
What are the nuerochemical links between the CNS and the endocrine system?
neuropeptides | endocrine hormones
63
What is the neurochemical link between the endocrine system and the immune system?
endocrine hormones | cytokines
64
What portion of the brain connects the nervous and the endocrine system during stress response?
the hypothalamus
65
What is the endocrine system?
the collection of glands (adrenal, thyroid, etc.) that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things
66
ACTH is regulated by what hormone from the hypothalamus? What is another contributing factor to the release of ACTH?
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stress
67
Once stress is perceived, the hypothalamus activates the endocrine system. The _______ system stimulates the _____ ______ to release catecholamine's ____ and _____- initiating a fight or flight response.
sympathetic nervous system adrenal medulla epinephrine; norepinephrine
68
in layman's terms, what is the HPA axis?
it is a central stress response system between these three endocrine glands, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland.
69
briefly describe how the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (what releases what hormone, etc)?
When a stressor is perceived, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH). The receptors of CRH bind to the pituitary gland, causing the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH binds to receptors on the adrenal cortex and stimulates adrenal release of cortisol. In response to stressors, cortisol will be released for several hours after encountering the stressor
70
Once ACTH is released by the pituitary gland, it stimulates this portion of the HPA axis to secrete corticosteroids and aldosterone.
adrenal cortex
71
This endocrine gland in the HPA-axis released antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causing this.
posterior pituitary gland | water retention and decreased urine output
72
What are some ways in which cortisol helps the body prepare for fight or flight?
- inhibits insulin production to prevent glycogen from being stored causing HYPERGLYCEMIA - vasoconstriction of arteries causing INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO) - production of large amounts of glycogen through glycogenesis in the liver - reduce inflammation in the body and suppress the immune system
73
What is glycogenolysis and what stimulates this reaction to occur?
the breakdown of glycogen which results in the raising of blood glucose levels in part, epinephrine and cortisol stimulate the breakdown of glucose in response to stress
74
what is angina?
Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
75
What is dyspepsia?
implications of the GI tract, such as nausea, heartburn, gastric ulcers, etc.

Pharmacology and Pathophysiology Own notes (9 decks)

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