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Nrs 501- > Inflammatory > Flashcards

Inflammatory Flashcards

1
Q

The cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  • Redness- Vasodilation
  • Heat- Vasodilation
  • Swelling- Vasodilation results in oedema
  • Pain- To prevent further injury; caused by damage to the cells
  • Loss of function- As pain, prevents worensing injury

Vasodilation- Increased blood flow allowed nutrients, oxygen for healing

Also dilutes toxins, brings immune response cells in (Antibodies), clotting system

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2
Q

Causes of tissue damage

A

Acute injuries and overuse injuries

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3
Q

Acute inflammatory response

Inflammatory medicators

A
  • First response to tissue damage
  • usually short lived
  • Local accumuluation of fluids, plasma protiens and white bllod cells called neutrophils
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4
Q

Acute inflammatory response

Vascular response

A

Vasodiliation occurs increasing the blood supply to the area of injury

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5
Q

Acute inflammatory response

The cellular response

A
  • Macrophages are found in the tissue and ingest infecting microorganisms.
  • The ability to ingest large particles including microorgnisms is called phhagocyosis.
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6
Q

Chronic inflammation due to:

Persistent infection

A

Where the micoorgnism has not been removed

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7
Q

Chronic inflammation due to:

Allergic disease

A
  • Such as asthma or hay fever
  • Where there is continual exposure to chemical causing the allergy
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8
Q

Chronic inflammation due to:

Autoimmunity

A

Which the immune system targets the body’s own tissues

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9
Q

Chronic inflammation due to:

Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents

A

Prolonged exposure to abestos and silia can cuase chronic inflamation

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10
Q

External causes of tissue injury

A
  • Trauma- bone fracture, stabbing, piercing
  • Burns
  • Extremes of temperature
  • Infections
  • Snake venom, bee stings, nettle sting
  • Foreign objects
  • Poisons
  • Radiation damage
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11
Q

Internal causes of tissue injury

A
  • immune response to self- antigen (autoimmunity)
  • Ischaemia- reduced blood supply to a tissue
  • Hypersensitiy to allergen
  • Tumour
  • Exposure to gastric mucosa to acid
  • Uric acid crystal form in synovial joints
  • Accumlation of protein in nerve cells
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12
Q

Asthma cardinal signs

A

Redness/ swelling in the lungs isn’t visible, but the pateint can describe pain and we can assess for loss of funcation (eg oxygen saturations)

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13
Q

Sepsis cardinal signs

A

Redness (erythema) and sweelling is internal and widespread but not visible externally

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14
Q

What are the stages of acute inflammation

A
  1. Release of imflammatory mediators
  2. Vascular response
  3. Cellular response
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15
Q

Realse of inflammatory mediators

A
  • A ‘stimulus’ occurs- injury or infection
  • Chemicals called inflammaroty mediators are released:
  • Cell- derived caused by tissue damage
    *Histamine, prostaglandins, cytokines
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16
Q

Vascular response

A
  • Vasodilation occurs
  • Increased bllod supply to the affected area
  • Cases redness (erthema) and heat
  • Increased blood vessel permeability
    -Exudate (protein rich fluid) flows into the extravascular space (swelling occurs)
  • Loss of fluid concentrates the inflammatory mediators in the blood
17
Q

Cellular response

A
  • Links closely to the immune system
  • Specialist white bllod cells respond to ‘clear up’ the damage
    -Macrophages and Neutrophils
  • These cells simply ‘eat’ unwanted particles and bacteria to kill and destory them
  • The cell dies along with its digested content and digestive enzymes; stimulating other processes that cause inflammation and immune response
  • This procress is celled phagocytosis
18
Q

Treatment for Sepsis

Aminister oxygen

A
  • Oxygen should be given to all pateints with Sepsis
  • In Sepsis oxygen saturation of the tissue falls
  • Oxygen must diffuse further to reach tissue
  • Small blood clots can occur in the capillaries which reduces oxygen deliver.
19
Q

Treatment for Sepsis

Take blood cultures

A
  • Helps to identify the casuative pathogen
20
Q

Treatment for Sepsis

Give IV antibiotics

A
  • Sepsis is usally triggered by a bacterial infection
  • Giving within the hour
  • Important that any potential source of ifection, such as urinary catheters, are removed
21
Q

Treatment for Sepsis

Give intervenous

A
  • Fluid replacement increase the circulating volume and restores blood pressure
22
Q

Treatment for Sepsis

Check serial lactate levels

A
  • Indicate anerobic metablolim due to reduced tissue perfusion.
  • How effect oxygen therapy and IV fluids are
23
Q

Treatment for Sepsis

Monitor hourly urine output

A
  • Monitoring cardic output
  • Monitor response to treatement

Nrs 501- (13 decks)

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