Fundamentals of pathophysiolology

Question 1

Define: Acute

Answer 1

Symptoms and signs that begin and worsen quickly

Question 2

Define: Chronic

Answer 2

Continuing or occurring again and again for long times

Question 3

Define: Acute on Chronic

Answer 3

When someone with a chronic condition, also developed an acute condition.

Question 4

Define: Sub-acute

Answer 4

A condition between acute and chronic

Question 5

Define: Congenital

Answer 5

Condition or trait from birth

Question 6

Define: Neoplastic

Answer 6

New, uncontrolled growth of cell

Question 7

Define: idiopathic

Answer 7

Unknown causes

Question 8

Define: iatrogenic

Answer 8

An illness or injury caused by medical treatment

Question 9

Define: pathogenesis

Answer 9

The development of a disease

Question 10

Define: Exacerbation

Answer 10

The worsening of a disease or increase in its symptoms

Question 11

Define: Convalescence

Answer 11

The period or process of healthy after an illness

Question 12

Define: mortality

Answer 12

refers to death

Question 13

Define: Morbidity

Answer 13

The rate of diease in a population

Question 14

Define: Epidemiology

Answer 14

The study of the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a define population

Question 15

Define: Pandemic

Answer 15

A widespread occurrence of an infection/disease over the whole country or the world particular time

Question 16

Define: pathophysiology

Answer 16

• Is the study of how disease affects the functioning of the body
• Pathophysiology of asthma explains how asthma causes breathing difficulties and how this may result in infection oxygen reaching this cell

Question 17

Cellular communication

Nerve signalling

Answer 17

• Nervous system
• used to regulate the muscles and glands
• A neuron is a single nerve cell that sends a message in the form of nerve impulse
• Nerve impulses travel very rapidly along the neuron, often over a great distance
• Neurotransmitters molecules diffuse across a microscopic gaps called the synapse.

Question 18

Cellular Communication

Endocrine signalling

Answer 18

• forms of hormones
• sent around the body in the bloodstream
• Slower than nerve signalling
• Endocrine signals become widespread, distributed in the circulation

Question 19

Cellular Communication

Local signalling

Answer 19

• Local signalling occurs between cells that are Jason or very close to each other
• Shown in the inflammatory response and cancer
• Although they are local, some enter the bloodstream and exert their affects at more distant targets

Question 20

Cellular adaption

Atrophy

Answer 20

• Decrease in size
• Organ size changes if significant so change occurs
• Example – skeletal muscles atrophy in the elderly

Question 21

Cellular adaption

Hypertrophy

Answer 21

• Increase in size and volume
• Example – muscle growth through weighted based exercises

Question 22

Cellular adaption

Hyperplasia

Answer 22

• Increase in number of cells
• Occurs due to increase so mitosis either for a compensatory reason for tissue or organ generation
• Example- Benign protatatic hyperplasia congential a drenal hyperplasia

Question 23

Cellular adaption

Metaplasia

Answer 23

• A sale of specific type is replaced by a normal less specific cell
• Seen in smoking, where mucus cells with cilia or replace with cells with no mucus production

Question 24

Cellular adaption

Dysplasia

Answer 24

• Abnormal changes and variations in Shape/ size
• Example: Cervical dysplasia, develepmental dyplsia of the hips.

Question 25

Cellular death

Necrosis

Answer 25

• Necrosis occurs due to injury – toxins, infection, trauma
• May initially be reversible as part of the inflammatory response but if injury is extensive or prolonged necrosis occur
• Swelling
• upture of the cell walls
• Leakage of cellular components

Question 26

Cellular death

Apoptosis

Answer 26

• Often referred to as ‘programmed cell death’ - Controllling the population of cells
• The cell does not become damaged; the cell membrane forms ‘blebs’ which contain cell/ organelles content.
• Cell shrinkage
• Although apopsis is a natural process; the cel can be coerced inot ‘suicide’ by the immune system if the cell bceomes infected.