Influenza infections

Question 1

Is influenza dsDNA or ssRNA?

Answer 1

ssRNA

Question 2

What does influenza recognise?

Answer 2

Sialic acid receptors

Question 3

What is our initial response to influenza?

Answer 3

NFkB–>TNFa, IFNb and IL-8.
Attraction of NK, B and T cells.
More cytokines

Question 4

What is the first encounter with a foreign antigen called?

Answer 4

Primary immune response

Question 5

What is the second encounter with a foreign antigen called?

Answer 5

Secondary immune response

Question 6

Primary response produces more IgM or IgG?

Answer 6

IgM

Question 7

Secondary response produces more IgM or IgG?

Answer 7

IgG

Question 8

How many HA subtypes are found in influenza type A viruses in humans?

Answer 8

3- H1 H2 H3

Question 9

How many NA subtypes are found in influenza A in humans?

Answer 9

2- N1 N2

Question 10

What is antigenic drift?

Answer 10

Gradual accummulation of mutations that allow the hemaglutinnin to escape neutralising antibodies

Question 11

How many changes in antigenic sites are epidemic strains thought to have?

Answer 11

3 or more

Question 12

Does antigenic drift cause pandemics or epidemics?

Answer 12

Epidemics

Question 13

What is the most common form of influenza?

Answer 13

Seasonal influenza

Question 14

What is the new strain of seasonal influenza usually derived from?

Answer 14

Previous strains

Question 15

Antigenic shift causes epidemics or pandemics?

Answer 15

Pandemics

Question 16

When does pandemic influenza occur?

Answer 16

When a new strain of virus is formed

Question 17

Which type of mutation do humans have no natural protection to? Antigenic drift or shift?

Answer 17

Antigenic shift

Question 18

Which strains can you not predict? antigenic shift or drift?

Answer 18

Antigenic shift

Question 19

What is a vaccine?

Answer 19

Often a safe (inactivated) dose of the pathogen

Question 20

How many types of influenza viruses are there?

Answer 20

4- A B C D

Question 21

Which types of influenza strain cause seasonal epidemics?

Answer 21

A and B

Question 22

What does influenza C usually cause?

Answer 22

Mild respiratory illness- not epidemics

Question 23

Which type of influenza affect cattle?

Answer 23

D

Question 24

What should influenza vaccine contain?

Answer 24

2 X A

1 X B

Question 25

What do you treat the vaccine with to get inactivated form?

Answer 25

Formaldehye

Question 26

What do you treat the vaccine with to get split vaccine?

Answer 26

Ethyl ether

Question 27

What do you treat the vaccine with to get subunit vaccine?

Answer 27

Detergents

Question 28

What is FluMist?

Answer 28

Nasal spray flu vaccine- cold adapted influenza viruses propagated by infection of cells in culture and manufactured in eggs

Question 29

What are 4 critical factors in influenza vaccine manufacturing?

Answer 29

Growth potential of seeds Timing of strain selection Potency test reagents

Question 30

What are amantadine and rimantadine?

Answer 30

M2 inhibitors

Question 31

What are oseltamivir and zanamivir?

Answer 31

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Question 32

How does amantadine work?

Answer 32

Intereferes with function of transmembrane domain of M2 protein. Interferes with virus assembly during replication. Decrease the release of influenza particles into host cell

Question 33

What are the problems with amantadine?

Answer 33

Rapid development of resistance. | Wide range of side effects and toxicity

Question 34

Which is less toxic, amantadine or rimantadine?

Answer 34

Rimantadine

Question 35

Are amantadine and rimantadine NICE recommended?

Answer 35

No

Question 36

What are the advantages to Neuraminidase inhibitors?

Answer 36

Active against all strains of influenza (ABC) and all serotypes

Question 37

What are zanamivir and oseltamivir?

Answer 37

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Question 38

What is zanamavir approved for?

Answer 38

Treatment of influenza A and B

Question 39

What is oseltamivir approved for?

Answer 39

Treatment of influenza A and B

Question 40

What are the adverse effects of Oseltamivir?

Answer 40

Mild to mod nausea/vom