Parasitic Infections Flashcards by Emily Holding

What are Protozoa?

Diverse group of single celled animal-like eukaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are Protozoa prevalent?

(Sub)tropical regions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four classifications of Protozoa?

Amoeba
Flagellates
Ciliates
Apicomplexa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Protozoal diseases can affect the CNS?

Amoeba
Malaria
Toxoplasma
Trypanosomes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Protozoal diseases can affect the blood?

Malaria

Trypanosomes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Protozoal diseases can affect the liver?

Entamoeba

Leishmania

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Protozoal diseases can affect the skin?

Leishmania

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Protozoal diseases can affect the intestine?

Cryptosporidium
Entamoeba
Giardia
Isospora

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is malaria mainly found?

Africa, Asia and South America

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Protozoal diseases can affect the CNS?

Amoeba
Malaria
Toxoplasma
Trypanosomes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Protozoal diseases can affect the blood?

Malaria

Trypanosomes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Protozoal diseases can affect the liver?

Entamoeba

Leishmania

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Protozoal diseases can affect the skin?

Leishmania

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Protozoal diseases can affect the intestine?

Cryptosporidium
Entamoeba
Giardia
Isospora

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many cases of malaria are there in the U.K. per year?

1,500-2,000

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four causes of malaria in humans?

P.falciparum
P.vivax
P.ovale
P.malariae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the uncomplicated symptoms of malaria?

6-10 hours of:
-cold stage- shivering 
-hot stage-fever
-sweating stage
Other:headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting, weakness, enlarged spleen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the complicated symptoms of malaria?

Cerebral malaria- abnormal behaviour, seizures, coma
Shock
Severe anaemia
Pulmonary oedema
Liver failure 
Swelling, rupturing of spleen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the malaria ABCD?

Awareness of risk
Bite prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Diagnosis and treatment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What malaria chemoprophylaxis should be used in areas without drug resistance?

Chloroquine

Proguanil

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What malaria chemoprophylaxis should be used in areas of little chloroquine resistance?

Proguanil plus chloroquine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What malaria chemoprophylaxis should be used in areas of chloroquine resistant P.falciparum?

Mefloquine
Doxycycline
Atovaquone-proguanil

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can malaria be diagnosed?

Blood smears
Rapid diagnostic tests
PCR, antibody detection, mass spec

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the treatment for malaria caused by P.falciparum?

Quinine followed by doxycycline or clindamycin

Atovaquone-proguanil

Arthemether-lumefantrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the treatment for malaria caused by P.vivax or P.ovale?

Chloroquine followed by primaquine

What is he mode of action for proguanil, pyrimethamine and sulphadoxine?

Antifolate

What is the mode of action for chloroquine, lumefantrine and mefloquine?

Inhibits harm detoxification

What is the mode of action for atovaquone?

Inhibits mitochondrial metabolism

How is the malaria vaccine engineered?

From parts of surface protein of P.falciparum and fused to surface antigen from hep B to boost immune response

what are helminths?

Multicellular with differentiated orgains

What parasitic infection does not have its full life cycle in humans?

helminths

Why are helminths difficult for the immune system to eradicate?

they have a tough cuticle

Name an example of an helminth which camouflages by coating with the host molecules?

Blood flukes

What do parasitic helminths feed on?

body fluids or intestinal contents

Where are helminths mainly found?

Rural villages/overcrowded cities in tropics

What symptom can helminths cause?

malnutrition

What are the three main classes of helminths that infect humans?

Nematodes (roundworm) Cestodes (Tapeworms) Trematodes (Flukes)

What do nematodes look like?

Cylindrical body, alimentary canal

What do cestodes look like?

Flat, ribbon shaped, no digestive tract

What do trematodes look like?

leaf-shaped, blind branched alimentary tract

How are large roundworm transmitted?

Fecal-oral

What symptoms do large roundworm give?

slows development, shortness of breath, coughing, malnutrition, blockage intestines

How are threadworm transmitted?

Fecal-oral

What symptoms do threadworm give?

mild anal itching

How are hookworm transmitted?

larvae in soil penetrate skin

what symptoms do hookworm give?

slows growth and development, anaemia

How are whipworm transmitted?

Fecal oral

What symptoms do whipworm give?

usually asymptomatic but heacy infection can cause bloody diarrhoea

Ascariasis is caused by what?

Roundworm

What are the symptoms of ascariasis?

abdominal pain, malnutrition

How many eggs do mature female ascariasis produce per day?

>200,000

Name the 7 steps of te ascariasis life cycle

1. Produce eggs 2. eggs excreted in faeces 3. eggs mature in soil 4. eggs ingested 5. larvae hatch in small intestine and penetrate wall 6. enter blood and carried to organs 7. coughing brings larvae into intestines where they mature

What are nematodes?

roundworms

What are cestodes?

Tapeworms

What are trematodes?

Flukes

What does lymphatic filariasis/ elephantiasis cause?

Enlargement of body parts

What does onchocerciasus/river blindness cause?

inflammation of the eye leading to blindness

What does loiasis cause?

Inflammation in the skin and eye

What usually causes tapeworm?

ingestion of cust from undercooked meat/fish

What do trematodes cause?

Progressive damage to vital orgains

What do trematodes use as their intermediate host?

Snail

What are lung fluke caused by?

Eating infected crab and crayfish

What are liver fluke caused by?

Freshwater fish

What is the 2nd greatest economic impact of parasitic diseases?

Schistosomiasis

What are Schistosomiasis caused by?

blood flukes through infected water

What are the symptoms of Schistosomiasis?

Rash 1-2 months: fever, chills, cough, muscle aches organ damage

What is the lifecycle of Schistosomiasis?

``` Larvae in water infect snail Snail forms larvae Larva penetrate skin of human Migrate to liver Mature and form male:female pairs to final destination ```

How many eggs do femal Schistosomiasis produce per day?

300

How are intestinal nematodes/cestodes diagnosed?

Eggs detected in faeces

How are Schistosomas diagnosed?

eggs in faecal sample or urine

How are tissue nematodes diagnosed?

Adults in tissue, microfilaria in blood

What is Ivermectin used to treat and what's its MoA?

Filarial nematodes | Blocks ion channels in neurons, leading to paralysis

What are albendazole & mebendazole used to treat and MoA?

Intestinal nematodes | Blocks microtubulin assembly, inhibits glucose uptake

What is niclosamide used to treat and its MoA?

Tapeworms | Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation

What is piperazine used to treat and its MoA?

Roundworms, threadworms | Blocks neurotransmitter-paralysis, often used with sennosied

What is praziquantel used to treat and its MoA?

Flukes, tapeworms | Alters calcium permeability, paralysis

Parasitic Infections Flashcards

(76 cards)