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inheritance Flashcards

(16 cards)

1
Q

describe the structure of a nucleotide

A
  • phosphate
  • attached to a sugar
  • 1 of 4 bases attached to sugar
  • bases are A,T,G,C
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2
Q

differences between process of mitosis and meiosis

A
  • mitosis 2 daughter cells, meiosis 4 daughter cells
  • one cell division in mitosis, 2 divisions in meiosis
  • mitosis produces cells with two of each chromosome, but
    meiosis produces cells with one of each chromosome
  • mitosis produces genetically identical cells, but meiosis
    produced genetically different cells
  • meiosis involves gametes, mitosis other body cells
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3
Q

similarities between mitosis and meiosis

A
  • DNA doubles / copies / replicates
  • increase in the number of mitochondria / ribosomes /
    sub-cellular structures
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4
Q

The embryo will then be lost from the woman’s body several days later.
Explain why the woman may not notice this has happened.

A

embryo is (very) small

(so) embryo not seen / felt
or
lost in normal menstrual flow

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5
Q

Why are the children not genetically identical?

A
  • different egg / sperm each time
  • genes from two parents
  • each gamete / egg / sperm has different alleles / genes / DNA /
    genetic information
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6
Q

describe process of natural selection

A
  • variation
  • better adapted to survive
  • pass on favourable alleles
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7
Q

describe how a change of one of the bases in the gene for an enzyme could affect the functioning of an enzyme

A
  • change in a base changes the triplet/codon
  • this changes the amino acid it codes for
  • so there will be a different sequence of amino acids
  • means the polypeptide will fold into a differently shaped protein/enzyme
  • the protein/enzyme may have a differently shaped active site
  • so it may no longer be complementary to the substrate
  • which would mean it couldn’t form an enzyme-substrate complex
  • so it couldn’t catalyse the reaction as well / the rate would be lower
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8
Q

describe the structure of DNA

A
  • polymer made up of two strands
  • forming a double helix
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9
Q

explain how portions of genes that don’t code for proteins can still influence phenotype

A
  • non-coding DNA causes changes in gene expression
  • can determine whether genes are expressed or not and if proteins are made or not
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10
Q

give two reasons it was hard to prove who was correct in 1800s darwin / lamarck

A
  • not enough fossil evidence
  • DNA not yet discovered so inheritance not understood
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11
Q

type of fossils produced by plants

A

imprints

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12
Q

explain why plant fossils are rarer than animals

A
  • all soft parts which decay
  • conditions for formation are rare
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13
Q

natural selection

A
  • random mutation in DNA
  • causes different protein to be made
  • so more variation
  • animals with mutation more likely to…(favourable characteristic)
  • get more food / avoid being eaten
  • out competing others without mutation
  • more likely to survive and reproduce by natural selection
  • passing on allele to offspring
  • repeated over many generations
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14
Q

advantage of binomial system

A

universally understood

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15
Q

explain how sexual reproduction leads to this variation in flower colour

A
  • Genetic material from both parents combines during fertilisation
  • Offspring inherit different combinations of alleles, leading to new traits
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16
Q

embryo screening ad / disad

A
  • reduces chance of passing on disease
  • could lead to embryo being destroyed