inheritance ✓

Question 1

what is genome ?

Answer 1

is the entire DNA of an organism

Question 2

what is a gene ?

Answer 2

is a section of a molecule of DNA that codes for a specific protein

Question 3

what does the nucleus contain ?

Answer 3

chromosomes and genes

Question 4

what are genes found on and where are they located in ?

Answer 4

found on chromosomes in the nucleus

Question 5

what forms do genes exist as and what are they called ?

Answer 5

they exist in alternative forms called alleles

Question 6

what is a chromosome ?

Answer 6

are long threads in the nucleus

Question 7

what does dominant mean ?

Answer 7

an allele that always expresses itself if it is present

Question 8

what does recessive mean ?

Answer 8

an allele which only expresses itself when there is no dominant allele present

Question 9

what does homozygous mean ?

Answer 9

both the alleles for a gene are the same

Question 10

what does heterozygous mean ?

Answer 10

the alleles for a gene are different

Question 11

what is a phenotype ?

Answer 11

the way a gene works or expresses itself in practice (eye colour)

Question 12

what is a genotype ?

Answer 12

the type of alleles present for a particular gene or genes (Bb)

Question 13

what are most phenotypic features resulted by ?

Answer 13

the polygenetic inheritance rather than single genes

Question 14

how are patterns of monohybrid inheritance described by ?

Answer 14

using a genetic diagram

Question 15

how is the sex of a person controlled by ?

Answer 15

by one pair of chromosomes

Question 16

what are the pair of chromosomes for a female ?

Answer 16

XX

Question 17

what are the pair of chromosomes for a male ?

Answer 17

XY

Question 18

how can the determination of offspring at fertilised be described ?

Answer 18

by using a genetic diagram

Question 19

if the division of a diploid cell happens by mitosis what will be produced ?

Answer 19

two cells that contain identical sets of chromosomes

Question 20

what are the four moments when mitosis will occur ?

Answer 20

• growth
• repair
• cloning
• asexual reproduction

Question 21

if the division of a cell happens by meiosis what will be produced and what does this result in ?

Answer 21

four cells each with half the number of chromosomes - results in the formation of genetically different haploid gametes

Question 22

what does random fertilisation produce ?

Answer 22

genetic variation of offspring

Question 23

in human cells what is the diploid number of chromosomes ?

Answer 23

46

Question 24

in human cells what is the haploid number of chromosomes ?

Answer 24

23

Question 25

what three aspects can cause variation within a species ?

Answer 25

- genetic - environment - both genetic and environmental

Question 26

what is a mutation ?

Answer 26

a rare random change in genetic material that can be inherited

Question 27

what is Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection ?

Answer 27

Darwin though that species change over time and that similar species developed from a common ancestor by a process of gradual change

Question 28

what six points were Darwin's ideas based on ?

Answer 28

- variations between individuals of same species - organisms often produce a lot of offspring - individuals with alleles for feature that help them survive will live long enough to reproduce - individuals with beneficial alleles are selected for by the environment - individuals that survive will live long enough to reproduce to pass on their beneficial alleles to their offspring - will result in more individuals in the population with the beneficial alleles

Question 29

what can resistance to antibiotics increase and lead to ?

Answer 29

increase in bacterial populations which can lead to infections being difficult to control

Question 30

what can selective breeding develop in plants and animals ?

Answer 30

desired characteristics

Question 31

what are restriction enzymes used to do in genetic modification ?

Answer 31

to cut DNA at specific sites

Question 32

what are ligase enzymes used to do in genetic modification ?

Answer 32

used to join pieces of DNA together

Question 33

what can plasmids and viruses act as and what do they do ?

Answer 33

act as vectors which take up pieces of DNA and insert this recombinant DNA into other cells

Question 34

how can human insulin be manufactured ?

Answer 34

by genetically modified bacteria which are grown in a fermenter

Question 35

what is the purpose of genetically modified plants ?

Answer 35

improve food production

Question 36

what does transgenic mean ?

Answer 36

the transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species

Question 37

how does the process micropropagation work ?

Answer 37

- take explants from the parent plant - transfer to plates containing sterile agar jelly - add plant hormones to stimulate the plant cells to divide - cells grow rapidly into small masses of plant tissue - add more plant hormones to stimulate the growth of roots and stems - transfer the plantlets into potting trays, where they develop into plants