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BIOLOGY > inheritance, variation, and evolution > Flashcards

inheritance, variation, and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

-One parent needed
-No energy wasted on finding a mate
-Faster
-Identical offspring produced

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2
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

-Produces variation
-Advantage in natural selection
-Natural selection can be sped up in selective breeding to increase food production

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3
Q

What type of reproduction does malaria carry out?

A

asexually in the human host but sexually in the mosquito

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4
Q

What type of reproduction do fungi carry out?

A

asexually by spores sexually but also sexually to give variation

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5
Q

What are female sex chromosomes?

A

XX

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6
Q

What are male sex chromosomes?

A

XY

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7
Q

How is polydactyly inherited?

A

A dominant allele (Pp) that creates a 50% chance of inheritance

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8
Q

How is cystic fibrosis inherited?

A

A recessive allele therefore both parents must be carriers for a 25% chance

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9
Q

What is a homozygous allele?

A

When two alleles present the same

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10
Q

What is a heterozygous allele?

A

When two alleles present the differently

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11
Q

What is DNA?

A

A chemical containing genetic material made up of two strands which form a double helix that is contained in chromosomes

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12
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome

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13
Q

What do genes do?

A

Code for a particular sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein

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14
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic material of an organism

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15
Q

How does studying the human genome help future medicine?

A
  • It can search for genes linked to different types of disease
  • It can understand and trea inherited disorders
  • Be used in tracing human migration patterns from the past
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16
Q

How does protein synthesis work?

A

Proteins are synthesised on ribosomes
according to a template. Carrier molecules bring specific amino acids to add to the growing protein chain in the correct order. When the protein chain is complete it
folds up to form a unique shape. This unique shape enables the proteins to do their job as enzymes, hormones or forming structures in the body such as collagen.

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17
Q

How does mutation work?

A

Mutations occur continuously. Most do not alter the protein or only alter it slightly so that its appearance or function
is not changed. A few mutations code for an altered
protein with a different shape. An enzyme may no longer fit the substrate biding site or a structural protein may lose its
strength. Not all parts of DNA code for proteins. Non coding parts of DNA can switch genes on and off, so variations in these areas of DNA may affect how genes are expressed

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18
Q

What are DNA monomers?

A

Nucleotides

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19
Q

What are nucleotides made up from?

A

A sugar, a phosphate, and a DNA base.q

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20
Q

What are the DNA bases?

A

C, G, A, and T

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21
Q

How do the DNA bases pair together?

A

G+G and A+T

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22
Q

What is variation?

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A

Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population

23
Q

What is evolution

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A

A change in the inherited characteristics of a
population over time through a process of natural
selection which may result in the formation of a new
species

24
Q

What is a phenotype?

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A

A visible characteristic

25
What is a genotype?
A genetic characteristic
26
What is selective breeding?
The process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics
27
What is the process of selective breeding?
-Parents with desired characteristics are chosen from a mixed population. -They breed together. -From the offspring, those with the desired characteristics are bred together. -This continues over many generations until all the offspring show the desired characteristics
28
Give examples of desired characteristics of selective breeding
-Disease resistance in food crops -Animals which produce more meat or milk -Domestic dogs with a gentle nature -Large or unusual flowers.
29
What is genetic engineering?
Modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristi
30
What are uses of genetic engineering?
-Plant crops have been genetically engineered to be resistant to diseases or to produce bigger fruits. -Bacterial cells have been genetically engineered to produce useful substances such as human insulin to treat diabetes
31
What is the process of genetic engineering?
1. Genes from the chromosome of humans and other organisms can be ‘cut out’ and transferred to cells of other organisms. 2. Enzymes are used to isolate the required gene; this gene is inserted into a vector, usually a bacterial plasmid or a virus. 3. The vector is used to insert the gene into the required cells. 4. Genes are transferred to the cells of animals, plants or microbes at an early stage in their development so that they develop with desired characteristics. 5. Crops that have had their genes modified in this way are called genetically modified (GM) crops. GM crops include ones that are resistant to insect attack or to herbicides. GM crops generally show increased yields.
32
What are some concerns about genetic engineering?
-The effect on populations of wild flowers and insects. -The effects of eating GM crops on human health have not been fully explored.
33
What are the types of cloning?
-Tissue culture -Cuttings -Embryo transplants -Adult cell cloning
34
What is tissue culture?
Using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants to preserve rare plant species or commercially in nurseries.
35
What are cuttings?
A branch from the parent plant is cut off, its lower leaves are removed, and the stem is planted in damp compost to develop
36
What are embryo transplants?
Splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers
37
What is adult cell cloning?
-The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell. -The nucleus from an adult body cell, such as skin cell, is inserted into the egg cell. -An electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide to form an embryo. -These embryo cells contain the same genetic information as the adultmskin cell. -When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into the womb of an adult female to continue its development
38
What is extinction?
When there are no remaining individuals of a species still alive
39
What are causes of exitinction?
-Natural disaster -Disease -Habitat destroyed -Competition for food -New predators
40
What are fossils?
The ‘remains’ of organisms from millions of years ago, which are found in rocks
41
How do fossils form?
-From parts of organisms that have not decayed because one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent -When parts of the organism are replaced by minerals as they decay -As preserved traces of organisms, such as footprints, burrows, and rootlet traces
42
Why can't scientists be sure of how life on earth began?
Many early forms of life were soft-bodied, which means that they have left few traces behind and therefore traces there were have been mainly destroyed by geological activity
43
How does antibiotic resistance occur?
-Mutations of bacterial pathogens produce new strains. Some strains might be resistant to antibiotics, and so are not killed. -They survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain rises. -The resistant strain will then spread because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment
44
Give an example of antibiotic resistant bacteria?
MRSA
45
How can antibiotic resistance be reduced?
-Doctors should not incorrectly or over prescribe antibiotics -You should complete the course of antibiotics to ensure they are all killed -The agricultural use of antibiotics should be restricted
46
Why was Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection gradually accepted?
-The theory challenged the idea that God made all the animals and plants that live on Earth -There was insufficient evidence at the time the theory was published to convince many scientists -The mechanism of inheritance and variation was not known until 50 years after the theory was published
47
What did Alfred Russell-Wallace do?
He independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection and then published his work together with Darwin
48
What did Gregor Mendel do?
He carried out breeding experiments on plants to discover that ‘units’ are passed on to descendants unchanged
49
Why was Mendel's work not accepted until after his death?
-In the late 19th century the behaviour of chromosomes during cell division was observed -In the early 20th century it was observed that chromosomes and Mendel’s ‘units’ behaved in similar ways. This led to the idea that the ‘units’ now called genes were located on chromosomes -In the mid 20th century the structure of DNA was determined and the mechanism of gene function worked out
50
Who developed the classification of living things?
Carl Linnaeus
51
What is the order of the classification of living things?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (Big up Kinky Phillip x)
52
How are organisms named?
A latin binomial system in the order genus then species
53
Who developed the 3 domain system?
Carl Woese
54
What are the 3 domains according to Carl Woese?
-Archaea (primitive bacteria usually in extreme environments) -Bacteria (true bacteria) -Eukaryota (which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals)

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