Inleiding Cognitieve Modellen Flashcards
(199 cards)
Spacing effect
The positive effect on factual recall that is observed when study trials are temporally separated.
Testing effect
When tested on material and successfully recalling it, the material is remembered better in the future than if it had not been tested.
What was the aim of Van Rijn, van Maanen & van Woudenberg 2009?
To reconcile the requirements of the testing effect and the spacing effect.
The optimal schedule (van Rijn et al)
The schedule that reaches the best performance, that gives the highest probability of recall over a longer timeframe.
On what 4 points do studies on spacing & testing effect differ from real-worlds situations? (van Rijn et al 2009)
1) Effects of prior knowledge are prevented.
2) The list of words studied is much longer than 10-30 words.
3) The retention interval is less than a day.
4) Studies are aimed at finding a general law, but individuals are different.
Retention interval
The time between the final test on the learned materials and the last study of the materials.
Subsymbolic model tracing
Each time an item is presented, behavioral data is used to dynamically adapt the model to the individual learner.
Noem 3 voordelen van een cognitief model ten opzichte van een verbale theorie:
1) limiteert ‘hand waiving’
2) maakt dingen/zijn falsifieerbaar
3) kan modellen vergelijken
Cognitief model
Een specificatie van de structuur van je brein op zo’n level van abstractie dat het de functie van je geest verklaart.
Paired association task
Learning & remembering the associations between stimuli that are artificially associated.
P(correct) in Rational Analysis
The percentage of correctly recalled items.
What does the EZ-diffusion model take as input?
mean response time, the variance of response time and response accuracy
What values does the EZ-diffusion model produce?
quality of information, response conservativeness and nondecision time.
Speed-accuracy trade-off
PArticipants can respond faster, and thus decrease the mean response time for correct decisions (MRT) at the expense of making more errors, thus decreasing Pc. So two participants could have the same ability even though one is faster, because that person then also makes more mistakes.
MRT
Mean response time for correct decisions
Pc
Proportion of correct decisions
Drift rate DZETA (Wagenmaker 2007)
Quantifies the deterministic component of the noisy information accumulation process.
s (Wagenmaker 2007)
A scaling parameter that represents the stochastic, nonsystematic component of the information accumulation process.
s^2 dt (Wagenmaker 2007)
The variance of the change in the accumulated information for a small time interval dt.
What does the boundary separation a tell us? (Wagenmaker 2007)
Large values of a indicate the presence of a conservative response criterion. Changes in a are one of the main reasons for accuracy-speed trade-off presence.
Accumulator (Ratcliff 2016)
An assumed structure in an evidence accumulation model that has the purpose of gathering evidence in favor of one response.
Across-trial variability (Ratcliff 2016)
The assumption that drift rates vary from decision to decision because, even if physical stimulus conditions are identical, the internal representation of the decision-relevant information is not.
Attractor model (Ratcliff 2016)
A network (graphbased) model of interconnected nodes with a dynamic updating process. The updating process
causes changes that lead to a stable
end state (at the ‘attractor’).
Collapsing boundary (Ratcliff 2016)
An assumption that the threshold becomes smaller as the time taken to make the decision increases. This contrasts with the standard assumption that the threshold is unchanging.