Innate And Adaptive Immunity- Exam III Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
Totality of all our host defense mechanisms
A
Immune System
2
Q
Component of the immune system that we are born with, genetically pre-determined
A
Innate immune system
3
Q
The non-specific component of the immune system
A
Innate Immune System
4
Q
Elements of the innate immune system include (3)
A
- Mucous secretions
- Complement proteins
- WBCs (specifically neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells)
5
Q
What specific WBCs are involved in the innate immune system (3)
A
Dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages
6
Q
Component of the immune system that develops a specific targeted response to an antigen or pathogen
A
Adaptive immune system
7
Q
Components of the adaptive immune system include: (2)
A
B-cells and T-cells
8
Q
In addition to the B-cells and T-cells of the adaptive immune system, there also is a small number of genetically encoded proteins called antibody genes that produce:
A
Antibodies
9
Q
Antibodies are capable of recognizing and destroying specific:
A
Antigens
10
Q
What are some of the numerous tissues involved in the immune system
A
Lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, Kidney, spleen, intestines etc.
11
Q
All of our cellular elements of the blood and immune system arise from _______ found in the bone marrow
A
Pleuripotent stem cells
12
Q
What are some causes of diseases in humans?
A
DNA viruses, RNA viruses, bacterial infections, fungal infection, protozoan infection and worms
13
Q
The early phase of the immune response is dependent on:
A
Innate immunity
14
Q
During the early phase of immune response, there are a variety of innate resistance mechanisms used to:
A
Recognize and respond to the pathogen
15
Q
What type of receptors does the innate immune system use?
A
Invariant receptors
16
Q
What type of receptors recognize common features that are present on mostly all pathogens?
A
Invariant receptors
17
Q
Where and when is the innate immune system present?
A
All individuals, all of the time
18
Q
The thing that distinguishes the innate immune system from the adaptive immune system is that the innate immune system:
A
Does not increase its responsiveness with increased exposure
19
Q
The innate immune system is able to distinguish between a group of related pathogens, but does not develop a specific response to:
A
Individual pathogens
20
Q
What is the adaptive immune system responding to and by what?
A
Responding to the antigen by antigen-specific lymphocytes
21
Q
The adaptive immune system involves the development of what type of memory?
A
Immunological memory
22
Q
Adaptive immune responses involve _______ of lymphocytes
A
Clonal Selection
23
Q
What is another name for adaptive immune response?
A
Acquired immune response
24
Q
Lifelong protective immunity to reinfection by the same pathogen
A
Immunologic memory
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Immediate innate immunity occurs within:
0-4 hrs
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The first step of immediate innate immunity is categorized by
Infection
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In immediate innate immunity the infection is recognized by: (2)
Preformed, nonspecific and broadly specific effectors
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If the pathogen is not removed in the immediate response of innate immunity, the response will continue on to the ______ response of innate immunity.
Early induced
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The early induced innate response occurs between:
4-96 hours
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In the early induced innate response, what recognized within the infection?
Microbial associated molecular patterns
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In early induced innate response, once the microbial-associated molecular patterns are recognized within the infection, what occurs? (2)
Inflammation recruitment and activation of effector cells
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If the early induced innate response does not result in removal of the infectious agent, the immune response will proceed on to the:
Adaptive immune response
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The adaptive immune response occurs after:
96 hrs
34
In the adaptive immune response phase, we have the transport of an antigen to:
Lymphoid organs
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In adaptive immune response phase, following the transport of the antigen to the lymphoid organs, what occurs:
Recognition by naive B and T cells
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In the adaptive immune response phase, once the antigen has been recognized by naive B and T cells, what occurs?
Clonal expansion and differentiation to effector cells
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Major cells of the innate immune system: (5)
Macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells, and Natural Killer cells
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Major cells of the adaptive immune system: (4)
B-cells, T-cells, NK cells, and Plasma cells
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What type of cell produces the antibodies and secretes them at large concentrations?
Plasma cells
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The innate immune system includes cells from what lineage?
Myeloid
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In the initial phase of infection triggering an immune response, bacteria trigger:
Macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
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What two things are accomplished by the release of cytokines and chemokines in an immune response?
1. Increase in vascular dilation
2. Increase in vascular permeability
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In an immune response, the increase in vascular dilation leads to:
Redness
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In an immune response, the increase of vascular permeability leads to:
Swelling
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Why does the increase in vascular permeability cause swelling?
Because you are moving fluid from blood/lymph into the tissue
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In an immune response, the increase in vascular dilation and permeability triggers ____ to transmigrate across epithelial cell layers
Neutrophils
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In an immune response the neutrophils that migrate across the epithelial cell layer function to:
Gobble up the bacteria
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In an immune response, the macrophages and dendritic cells reside reside where:
In the peripheral tissue
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If the infection is not taken care of by the neutrophils, then what the next cells to come into play?
Immature dendritic cells
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The immature dendritic cells called in after the neutrophils fail to control the infection, come from:
Peripheral tissues
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The immature dendritic cells that also reside in our peripheral tissues, will grab ahold and _____ the invading microorganisms
Ingest
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In an immune response, the immature dendritic cells migrate out of the _____ and through ______ and eventually into the _______.
Peripheral tissue, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes
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Once the immature dendritic cells make it to the lymph nodes in an immune response, they will interact with _______, which will lead to their activation .
Naive T-cells
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In an immune response once the naive T-cells have been activated by the mature dendritic cells in the lymph node, you then get activation of _____.
B-cells
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In an immune response, when the T-cells activate the B-cells in the lymph node, this activation of the B-cells leads to :
Immune antibody resonse
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What must infectious agent overcome in order to establish an infection?
Innate host defenses
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because of the innate host defenses, infectious disease is generally:
Quite infrequent
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What forms the first barrier against most microorganisms?
Epithelial mucosal surfaces
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The epithelial (mucosal) surfaces that act as the first barrier agains most microorganisms have ______ if injured
Rapid repair mechanisms
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What type of cells provide a physical barrier and innate immunity?
Mucosal epithelial cells
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What type of cell secretes mucus that forms a dense, protective converting for the entire epithelial (commonly seen in GI system)
Goblet cells
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What mechanism in the GI tract moves food and potential pathogens?
Peristalsis
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In the upper respiratory tract, what cells captured inhaled pathogenic particles and expel them through their beating motion?
Ciliated epithelial cells
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What cells produces antimicrobial peptides (commonly seen in saliva)
Paneth cells
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Intraepithelial lymphocytes contain various: (type of cell)
T-cells
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GALT
Gut-associated Lymphatic Tissue
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Describe the mucosal tissue’s exposure to microbes and frequency.
Mucosal tissues are constantly exposed and frequently infected
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Mucosal immunity is _____ rather than ______.
Proactive rather than reactive
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The mucosal immunity is constantly making ______ immune responses against microbes
Adaptive
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When talk about mucosal immunity making adaptive immune responses, what sector of immunity is this talking?
Innate immunity
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What does the mucosal immunity generally not activate?
Inflammation
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In the gut, inflammation would likely:
Exacerbate the infection
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Mucosal immune responses do what to the tissue involved?
little damage
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Because the mucosal tissues are constantly active in immune response, it contributes to:
Gut epithelial cells rapid replacement/turnover
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What are the types of mucosal surfaces?
Type 1 & Type 2
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Mucosal surface type covered by simple epithelium
Type 1
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Mucosal surface type that expresses a simple polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) that allows the dimeric IgA to access the lumen
Type 1
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In type 1 mucosal surface, the expression of pIgR allows for ______ to access the lumen.
Dimeric IgA
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Examples of where you would find Type 1 mucosal surfaces?
Intestines, Lungs, Uterus
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Mucosal surface type that is covered by a stratified squamous epithelium
Type 2
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Mucosal surface type that provides physical protective barrier activities that are important for the host
Type 2
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Examples of where you would find Type 2 mucosal surfaces?
Oral cavity, vaginal cavity
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Name these tissues
1. Simple squamous epithelium
2. Stratified squamous epithelium
3. Simple cuboidal epithelium
4. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
5. Simple columnar epithelium
6. Stratified columnar epithelium
7. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
84
What are the modes of transmission for Airway mucosal surfaces? (2)
Inhaled droplets & spores
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What is the mode of transmission into the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract?
Contaminated water or food
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What is the mode of transmission of the mucosal surfaces of the reproductive tract?
Physical contact
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The external epithelial routes of entry for infection include: (3)
1. External surface
2. Wounds & abrasians
3. Insect bites
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The modes of transmission for the external surface of the external epithelia: (1)
Physical contact
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The mode of transmission for wound and abrasions for the external epithelia: (3)
1. Minor skin abrasions
2. Puncture wounds
3. Handling infected animals
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Mode of transmission for insect bites on the external epithelia: (2)
Mosquito bites, Deer tick bites
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What can we categorize as modes of defense of our body:
Mechanical, chemical, microbiological
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In the skin, gut, lungs, and eyes/nose what is a common mechanical defense against microbes?
Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
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Longitudinal flow of air or fluid is a mechanical defense of:
Skin and gut
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Movement of mucous by cilia is a mechanical defense of the:
Lungs
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Tears & Nasal cilia are a mechanical defense used by:
Eyes and nose
96
If we are talking about cilia, what type of defense would this be?
Mechanical
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Fatty acids, Low pH, enzymes (pepsin & lysozyme) and antibacterial peptides are all forms of what defense?
Chemical
98
When the gut and skin display normal flora, this is an example of what type of defense?
Microbiological
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When the dendritic cells migrate to the lymph nodes this signals:
Adaptive immunity
100
Specific antibodies, T-cell dependent macrophage activation, & cytotoxic t-cells are characteristics of what response?
Adaptive immune response
101
What are the mechanisms of phagocytes to deal with bacterial agents? (6)
1. Acidification
2. Toxic oxygen-derived products
3. Toxic nitrogen oxides
4. Antimicrobial peptides
5. Enzymes
6. Competitions
102
The acidification mechanism releases by phagocytes involves a pH of ____ and is considered ____.
PH~ 3.5-4.0
Bacterialstatic/bascterialcidal
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Superoxides, hydrogen peroxides, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, and hyphoalite are all _______ that are produces/released by phagocytes
Toxic oxygen-derived products
104
The specific toxic nitrogen oxide that is produced by phagocytes/ release by phagocytes
Nitric Oxide (NO)
105
The antimicrobial peptides produced/released by phagocytes include:
Defensins and cationic proteins
106
What enzyme produced/released by phagocytes dissolves the cell walls of some gram + bacteria
Lysozyme
107
What enzyme produced/released by phagocytes further digests bacteria?
Acid hydrolases
108
What two competitors can phagocytes produce/release?
Lactoferrin & vitamin B12 binding protein
109
What type of columnar epithelial cell layer makes up the GI tract?
Villus Type
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Interspersed between the villus type epithelial cells making up the GI tract are ______ cells
Paneth cells
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The paneth cells produce:
Alpha & beta type defensins
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The alpha beta type defensins produced by paneth are ______ in nature
Antibacterial
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The contains _____ that secretes mucus
Goblet cells
114
In the large intestine, you have both:
Outer and inner mucous layer
115
What are defensins (produced by paneth cells)
Antimicrobial peptides
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What layer do the bacteria in the large intestine reside in? Describe layer
Outer mucosal layer, looser layer
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in the intestines, if the antigen does get in contact with the epithelial layer and manages to get inside, then this will trigger the innate immune system, and where this triggering event occurs is referred to as:
Inductive site
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Where an initial immune triggering event occurs
Inductive site
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An important cell of the gut involved with the inductive site:
M- cell
120
What site finishes the antigen clearance?
Effector site
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The most important part of the lymph node:
Germinal center
122
What takes place inside the germinal center of the lymph node?
Clonal selection & Expansion
123
If a B-cell moves into a germinal center of a lymph and undergoes clonal expansion, what is it doing?
Dividing a lot
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In the process of a B-cell undergoing clonal expansion in a germinal center of lymphnode, what is occurring during clonal clonal expansion:
Somatic hypermutation
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What the expands repertoire of potential antibodies that can recognize an antigen
Somatic hypermutation
126
After somatic hypermutation occurs in the germinal center, _____ takes place.
Selection
127
After selection in the germinal center takes place, you will hopefully have _______ cells produced to secrete ______.
Plasma cells; antibody
128
- selection
-somatic hypermutation
-differentiation
-class switching
- clonal expansion
If a naive B cell travels into a germinal center of a lymph node describe the order of events that will occur to ultimately produces plasma cells and memory B cells:
1. Clonal expansion
2. Somatic hypermutation
3. Selection
4. Class switching
5. Differentiation
129
What do we want ultimately to come out of the germinal center of the lymph node:
Memory B cells and Plasma cells
130
Clonal expansion starts with a single _____ that gives rise to a large number of _______, each with a different specificity.
Progenitor cells; lymphocytes
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In clonal expansion what gives the lymphocytes made from the progenitor cells different specificity?
Different receptors
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(During clonal expansion) The lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self antigens or that are potentially self reaction get:
Get removed/ destroyed
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In clonal expansion, what removes the potentially self-reactive immature lymphocytes:
Clonal deletion
134
The lymphocytes with non-self receptors will continue on to form:
A pool of mature but naive lymphocytes
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In clonal expansion, the pool of mature but naive lymphocytes remain in this pool until:
A foreign antigen is presented
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In clonal expansion, when a foreign antigen is presented to the pool of mature but naive lymphocytes, it will bind to a specific of a certain lymphocyte resulting in:
Proliferation and differentiation of activated specific lymphocytes
137
During clonal expansion, the proliferation and differentiation of an activated specific lymphocyte causes what to form?
A clone of effector cells
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in clonal expansion what ultimately eliminates the antigen?
Effector cells
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For each pathogen we encounter, we will develop specific:
Antibodies to that pathogen
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Structure of antibody
Two light chains and one heavy chain
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In an antibody what are the light chains and heavy chains connected by?
Cysteine bridges
142
What region is found in the heavy chain of an antibody?
Constant region
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What region is found in the light chains of antibodies?
Variable region
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The variable region of antibodies is the:
Antigen binding site
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The constant region of antibodies has what type of function?
Effector fxn
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The effector function of the constant region on antibodies utilizes mechanisms that are:
Constant to all antibodies
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What is the name of a activated B-cell?
Plasma cell
148
What type of cell secretes antibodies?
Plasma cell (activated B-cell)
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In addition to antibodies, T-cells have receptors that have both:
Variable and constant regions
150
The diversity of antibodies is generated by:
Somatic gene-segment rearrangements
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The light chains of antibodies contain what two parts:
Variable region and joining segment
152
What are the gene clusters on light chains of antibodies:
Kappa cluster (Cs 2)
Lambda cluster (Cs 22)
153
How many heavy genes are there on antibodies and what chromosomes are they located on?
5 and Cs 14
154
How many total different light chains on antibodies?
290
155
How many heavy chain variable regions?
13,800
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How many total binding specificities of antibodies?
4,002,000
157
In addition the numerous total binding specificities, antibodies can also display ______ changes to between teh different gene segments to increase the specificity of the variable region.
Single nucleotide changes
158
Antibodies recognize:
Surface epitopes
159
Specific regions within antigens that antigen receptors bind:
Epitopes
160
T-cells receptors recognize:
Buried epitopes
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In order for a t-cell receptor to recognize buried epitopes the antigen must first be:
Broken down into peptide fragments
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When the antigen containing the buried epitope is broken down into peptide fragments, the epitope peptide binds to a self molecule called an:
MHC molecule
163
When a T-cell binds to a buried epitope it is ultimately binding to:
A complex of MHC molecule + epitope peptide
164
What molecule presents the previously buried epitope peptide on its surface to be bound by a T-cell receptor?
MHC molecule
165
What are the 3 ways antibodies participate in host defense?
1. Cells with nonspecific receptors recognize toxins
2. Bacteria in extracellular spaces picked up by macrophages
3. Bacteria in the plasma
166
The nonspecific receptors of cells that pick up bacterial toxins function in the process of ________ by nonspecific antibodies.
Neutralization
167
If the bacteria exists in the extracellular space, and is picked up by the macrophage you can have _____.
Opsonization
168
If the bacteria gets into the bloodstream/plasma the we will have:
Complement activation and clearance
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Neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation all result in:
Ingestion
170
Large locus of DNA that encodes genes for cell surface receptors that are essential for the adaptive immune response
MHC molecules
171
What type of response are MHC molecules essential for?
Adaptive response
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Class of MHC molecules that collect peptides derived from proteins synthesized in the cytosol from viral infection and displays those peptides on the cell surface.
MHC class I
173
Class of molecules that bind peptides derived from proteins in intracellular vesicles and display those on cell surface
MHC class II
174
What MHC class has a single transmembrane-spanning domain?
MHC class I
175
What MHC class has two transmembrane-spanning domains?
MHC class II
176
Where do both the MHC I and II display the peptide?
On surface
177
Cytotoxic T-cell recognizes complex of viral peptide with _______ and kills the infected cell
MHC class I
178
Viral infections deal with what MHC class? Anything else deals with MHC class?
Class I; class 2
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MHC class I engages what type of cell? MHC class II engages what type of cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
180
What are antigen presenting cells?
Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and B cells
