Saliva And Mucosal Defense Mechanisms- Exam III

Question 1

Cells involved in innate immunity include:

Answer 1

Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Mast cells, NK cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils)

Question 2

What protein is involved in innate immunity?

Answer 2

Complement protein

Question 3

What cells are involved in adaptive immunity?

Answer 3

B cells, T cells (CD4+ T-cell, CD8+ T-cells)

Question 4

What non cell component is involved in adaptive immunity?

Answer 4

Antibodies

Question 5

What are our helper T cells?

Answer 5

CD4+

Question 6

What are our cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 6

CD8+

Question 7

What are the common components between the adaptive and innate immune cells?

Answer 7

____ T-Cells, and Natural Killer T-cells

Question 8

The T in T cells stands for:

Answer 8

Thymus dependent lymphocyte

Question 9

The B in B-cells stands for

Answer 9

Bursa of fabrics is lymphocytes

Question 10

What are T and B cells derived from in humans?

Answer 10

multi potent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

Question 11

T-cells are classified into subsets based on the cell-surface expression of:

Answer 11

CD4 or CD8 molecules

Question 12

What type of T cells protect against intracellular microbes and function during cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 12

CD8 T cells ( Cytotoxic T cells )

Question 13

B-cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells after activation by:

Answer 13

Helper T cells

Question 14

Antibody secretion is seen in what type of immunity?

Answer 14

Humoral immunity

Question 15

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 15

Thymus and bone marrow

Question 16

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 16

Spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes and MALT

Question 17

Produce reactive cells and eliminate self reacting cells:

Answer 17

Primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow)

Question 18

Environment for proliferation, maturation, cell-cell interaction and cytokine-cell interaction:

Answer 18

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 19

Lymphocytes and lymph returns to the blood via:

Answer 19

Thoracic duct

Question 20

Naive lymphocytes enter lymph from the:

Answer 20

Blood

Question 21

Antigens from sites of infection reach lymph nodes via:

Answer 21

Lymphatics

Question 22

Molecules found on all nucleated cells of the body:

Answer 22

MHC class I

Question 23

MHC class II molecules are normally restricted to:

Answer 23

Dendritic cells, Macrophages, and B-cells

Question 24

What are our antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Answer 24

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells

Question 25

What recognizes the complex of viral peptide with MHC class I and kills the infected cell?

Answer 25

Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+)

Question 26

How do the cytotoxic T-cells kill the infected cell presented by MHC class I>

Answer 26

1. Perforin-mediated cell death 2. Fas-mediated apoptosis

Question 27

MHC class I is involved in what pathway?

Answer 27

Endogenous pathway

Question 28

What pathway is MHC class II involved in?

Answer 28

Exogenous pathway

Question 29

What subunits compose the T-cell receptor?

Answer 29

alpha and beta

Question 30

What are the antigen presenting molecules?

Answer 30

Major Histocompatibility complexes (MHC)

Question 31

In humans what are the MHC molecules called?

Answer 31

HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens)

Question 32

If we are talking about the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum as well as viral peptides we are referring to what class?

Answer 32

MHC Class I

Question 33

If we are talking about endosomes, acidified vesicle proteases, fusion and pathogens/proteins we are referring to what class?

Answer 33

MHC Class 2

Question 34

What recognizes the complex of bacterial peptides with MHC class II and activates the macrophage:

Answer 34

Type 1 helper T-cells

Question 35

Intercellular killing is enhanced by type 1 helper cells releasing:

Answer 35

Interferon Gamma

Question 36

What recognizes the complex of antigenic peptide MHC class II and activates B-cell?

Answer 36

Helper T-cell

Question 37

Activation of ____ results in cytokine production require for proliferation and development into plasma cells

Answer 37

Type 2 helper T-cell

Question 38

The F(ab)2 region of the antibody functions in:

Answer 38

Antigen binding

Question 39

The Fc region of the antibodies functions to bind to Fc receptors on ______ and activate ____.

Answer 39

Phagocytes ; Complement

Question 40

Most antibody in serum, 4 subclasses, and long-term protection:

Answer 40

IgG

Question 41

Antibody that is a pentamer, usually the first antibody made during primary response, and excellent at binding complement proteins

Answer 41

IgM

Question 42

Antibody that functions in allergic (anaphylactic) responses and contains anti-parasitic properties:

Answer 42

IgE

Question 43

Antibody that is secretory dimer but circulatory monomer & is the first defense for mucosal surfaces:

Answer 43

IgA

Question 44

Number of binding sites on: IgM IgG IgA IgE IgD

Answer 44

GED= 2 A= 4 M=10

Question 45

What antibody can cross the placenta?

Answer 45

IgG

Question 46

Main antibody of primary responses, best at fixing complement, & monomer form serves as B-cell receptor

Answer 46

IgM

Question 47

Main antibody of secondary responses, neutralizes toxins, opsonization

Answer 47

IgG

Question 48

Antibody secreted into mucous, tears, saliva, and colostrum

Answer 48

IgA

Question 49

Antibody of allergy and anti parasitic activity

Answer 49

IgE

Question 50

Antibody that is a B-cell receptor

Answer 50

IgD

Question 51

What are the 3 pairs of major salivary glands?

Answer 51

1. Parotid 2. Submandibular 3. Sublingual

Question 52

Saliva is a complex _____ and slightly _____ fluid.

Answer 52

Hypotonic and slightly acidic

Question 53

Saliva is more than 99% _____ and less than 1% ____

Answer 53

Water and solid

Question 54

The less than 1% of solid components that comprise saliva are:

Answer 54

Proteins and electrolytes

Question 55

What percent of total amount of saliva is produced by the major salivary glands?

Answer 55

90%

Question 56

In a healthy person what is the daily secretion range of saliva and what is the average?

Answer 56

0.5-1L (range) O.61 L (average)

Question 57

What type of saliva is produced by the parotid gland?

Answer 57

Purely serous

Question 58

What type of saliva is produced by the submandibular gland?

Answer 58

Mainly serous

Question 59

What type of saliva is produced by the sublingual gland?

Answer 59

Mainly mucous

Question 60

What type of saliva is produced by the minor glands?

Answer 60

Mainly mucous

Question 61

The exception to the minor glands producing mainly mucous secretions is the ______ gland that produces strictly serous secretions

Answer 61

Von Ebner’s

Question 62

Saliva functions in _____ and ____ of retrograde salivary gland infection

Answer 62

Lubrication and prevention

Question 63

Saliva functions in: formation and acquired:

Answer 63

Enamel and mucosal pellicles

Question 64

Saliva functions in: clearance of _____ and _____.

Answer 64

Dietary carbohydrates and microorganisms

Question 65

Saliva functions in taste an digestion by:

Answer 65

Dissolving and transporting substances

Question 66

What are the 3 activities that saliva functions in (defensive activities)

Answer 66

Antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal

Question 67

Saliva serves as a _______ to bacteria for the balance of oral microbiome

Answer 67

Nutritional source

Question 68

Saliva serves as a _____ through bicarbonate, phosphate and protein systems

Answer 68

Buffering capacity

Question 69

Highly glycosylated hydrophilic proteins produced by mucous acinar cells of the submandibular, sublingual and minor salivary glands that are important for lubrication and protection

Answer 69

Mucins

Question 70

Major enzyme in saliva that breaks down complex carbohydrates and is secreted from serous acinar cells of the parotid gland

Answer 70

Alpha amylase

Question 71

Amylase breaks down ingested starch into: (3)

Answer 71

Maltose Maltotriose Dextrins

Question 72

Amylase functions to facilitate bacterial ______ of carbs.

Answer 72

Fermentation

Question 73

Amylase facilitates ______ of bacteria to oral surfaces.

Answer 73

Adherence

Question 74

Amylase binds ______ and ______ to promote their clearance

Answer 74

S. Gordonii and S. Mitis

Question 75

______ serves to modulate adhesion, co-adhesion and colonization of microorganisms

Answer 75

Amylase

Question 76

Comprise lactoperoxidase, myeloperoxidase, thiocyanate ions and hydrogen peroxide

Answer 76

Peroxidase systems

Question 77

Peroxidases catalyze the oxidation of ______ to hypothiocyanate by hydrogen peroxide

Answer 77

Thiocyanate

Question 78

The hypothiocyanate inhibits important bacterial ________ and exerts _______ effects on S. Mutans, lactobacilli, yeasts, several gram-negative species including periodontal pathogens and certain viruses

Answer 78

metabolic processes and anti-microbial effects

Question 79

Part of the innate salivary defense mechanism, and could be found in teh saliva, dental plaque, and salivary pellicles

Answer 79

Lysozyme

Question 80

Iron-bindng glycoprotein secreted by serous acinar cells of major and minor salivary glands.

Answer 80

Lactoferrin

Question 81

Lactoferrin could also come from:

Answer 81

Neutrophils and GCF

Question 82

Lactoferrin binds and sequesters iron depriving _____ and ______ from essential nutrients

Answer 82

Bacteria and yeast

Question 83

What are the three forms of Lactoferrin?

Answer 83

1. Iron free (apolactoferrin) 2. Ferric Lactoferrin 3. Saturated Lactoferrin

Question 84

Lactoferrin also shows anti____ and anti____ activities

Answer 84

Antifungal and antiviral

Question 85

Constitute 25-30% of all salivary proteins and are produced by the parotid and submandibular glands

Answer 85

Proline-rich proteins

Question 86

Present in the saliva of the parotid and submandibular glands and is a phosphoprotein

Answer 86

Statherin

Question 87

Cysteine-containing phosophoroproteins, which have proteinase inhibiting properties, controlling proteolytic activity from the host or the microorganisms. 7 different proteoforms are present in saliva

Answer 87

Cystatins

Question 88

Family of cationic peptides produced by ductal cells of the major salivary glands. They exhibit anti-fungal acticity toward C. Albicans. They can bind to microbial cell membranes and promote aggregation and integrate into the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane (formation of pores)

Answer 88

Histatins

Question 89

The major classes of salivary immunoglobulins in human saliva (2)

Answer 89

IgA and IgG

Question 90

Salivary immunoglobulin SIgA works to prevent pathogens and antigens from gettin access to the oral epithelium. What is this process called?

Answer 90

Immune exclusion

Question 91

Prototype of cationic peptides, also found in saliva and GCF. Based on the pattern of cysteine-pairing there are two subfamilies These peptides absorb onto the bacterial cell membranes, leading to aggregation and integration of into the lipid bilayer.

Answer 91

Salivary defensins

Question 92

Functions of GCF include: (3)

Answer 92

1. Cleanse materials 2. Improve adhesion of the epithelium to the tooth (through plasma proteins) 3. Possess antimicrobial properties