DNA And RNA Replication- Exam III

Question 1

DNA is ____ stranded and RNA is ____ stranded.

Answer 1

Double; single

Question 2

If a 2’ hydroxyl group is present on the pentose sugar, the molecule is:

Answer 2

Ribose

Question 3

If the 2’ hydroxyl group is absent on the pentose sugar (only a hydrogen in that position)

Answer 3

Deoxyribose

Question 4

High energy ____ molecules are attached to the 5’ carbon of the pentose in both DNA and RNA

Answer 4

Phosphate

Question 5

What are the purines?

Answer 5

A and G (pure as gold)

Question 6

What are the pyramidines?

Answer 6

CUT (Cut the py)

Question 7

Describe the structure of the purines

Answer 7

Double ring structure

Question 8

Describe the structure of the pyrimidines

Answer 8

Single ring structure

Question 9

What is the difference between uracil and thymine?

Answer 9

Uracil in RNA
Thymine in DNA

Question 10

The steps of the staircase when referring to the double helix DNA molecules are:

Answer 10

The bases

Question 11

What is chargaff’s rule?

Answer 11

A base pairs with T

G base pairs with T

Question 12

How many bonds form between adenine and thymine? How many bonds form between cytosine and Guanine?

Answer 12

2 on A and T
3 on G and C

Question 13

What base pairs are more stable and why?

Answer 13

G and C because they have an extra hydrogen bond

Question 14

What control the expression of prokaryotic transcription?

Answer 14

Promotors & operons

Question 15

In prokaryotic organisms the DNA is organized into a ___ or ____ fashion.

Answer 15

Linear or contiguous

Question 16

In prokaryotic gene transcription, the RNA copy made is:

Answer 16

Ready for use in translation

Question 17

As DNA transcription proceeds in a prokaryotic organism, the RNA transcript is described as:

Answer 17

Colinear

Question 18

When we refer to the RNA copy as being colinear, what we mean is:

Answer 18

Identical copy of the DNA transcript

Question 19

In eukaryotic organisms the DNA is broke up into ____ that will give rise to the protein sequence.

Answer 19

Coding regions or exons

Question 20

Regions that do not get coded and separate exons

Answer 20

Introns

Question 21

Regions at the 5’ and 3’ ends that do not encode proteins:

Answer 21

Untranslated regions (UTRs)

Question 22

In eukaryotic organisms, one strand of the DNA is first copied in linear fashion and then then the introns are removed by a process called:

Answer 22

Splicing

Question 23

In prokaryotic organisms, the RNA copy that gets made from the DNA is ready for ________. However, in eukaryotic organism, everything from the DNA gets copied into the RNA but ______ and ______ must take place to give rise to the mature mRNA which is transported out of the nucleus for use as the template for protein synthesis.

Answer 23

Protein synthesis; splicing and subsequent modification

Question 24

In eukaryotic organisms, primary transcripts are often spliced in multiple combinations of exons. This process is called:

Answer 24

Alternative splicing

Question 25

Alternative splicing gives rise to the possibility of ______ from the same transcript.

Answer 25

Numerous different proteins

Question 26

The region of DNA that will encode a protein that includes all the regulatory elements to control its expression

Answer 26

Gene

Question 27

In order to fit inside the cell or nucleus, linear DNA must be:

Answer 27

Condensed

Question 28

in prokaryotic organisms, the DNA is condensed by a set of _____ and _____ in back and forth loops

Answer 28

Polyamines and proteins

Question 29

In eukaryotes, DNA is first condensed into _____.

Answer 29

Nucleosome

Question 30

Each nucleosome involves around _____ BP of DNA and a set of _____

Answer 30

200BP and a set of core histone proteins

Question 31

Chromatin exists in two forms:

Answer 31

Euchromatin, and heterochormatin

Question 32

Slightly more relaxed, transcriptionally active form of DNA

Answer 32

Euchromatin

Question 33

Highly condensed and generally not transcriptionally active form of chromatin

Answer 33

Heterochromatin

Question 34

Chromatin can be further condensed into ___ and _____ ultimately into _________ by function specific sets of proteins.

Answer 34

Solenoids; supersolenoids; chromosomes

Question 35

DNA is broken up into fragments called:

Answer 35

Chromsomes

Question 36

In humans we have 22 chromosomes called _____ and each exist as a _____.

Answer 36

Autosomes ; pair

Question 37

The gametes contain _____ copy of a chromosomes

Answer 37

1

Question 38

What is the number of protein coding genes in the human genome?

Answer 38

20,000-25,000

Question 39

The average gene is about ______ BP long, and contains about ____ exons and a coding sequence of about ______ BP.

Answer 39

27,000 9 1340

Question 40

On average each gene gives rise to about ____ isoforms or splice variants.

Answer 40

8

Question 41

Human genome contains about _____ BP

Answer 41

~3.2 billion

Question 42

It only takes a single BP change to cause:

Answer 42

Disease

Question 43

Allie and Annie have difference of about ______ BP

Answer 43

1-2 million

Question 44

Annie and Jordan have a difference of about _____ BP

Answer 44

6 million

Question 45

Becuase the antiparallel orientation of the strands, and the fact that the strands are complementary, each strand can:

Answer 45

act as as template for synthesis of new DNA Strand

Question 46

When is DNA replicated?

Answer 46

S phase of cell cycle

Question 47

Central dogma of genetic information flow

Answer 47

DNA to RNA (transcription) RNA to protein (translation)

Question 48

The first and foremost principle of DNA replication is that it is all driven by:

Answer 48

Base pairing

Question 49

You have a strand of DNA that serves as a template, and the nucleotide bases that make up that strand will dictate:

Answer 49

What base gets incorporated at that position in the strand being made

Question 50

The molecule that catalyzes the stepwise addition of deoxyribonucelotide-triphosphate addition to the 3’ OH end of a polynucleotide chain

Answer 50

DNA polymerase

Question 51

The reason the stepwise addition of a deoxyribonucelotide-triphosphate to the 3’ hydroxyl end of a polynucleotide chain is important is because that addition of the next base is driven by:

Answer 51

the favorable free energy that is released from the hydrolysis of the triphosphate molecule to a mono phosphate phosphodiester bond.

Question 52

DNA synthesis on the strand that is being made, always proceeds:

Answer 52

5’—> 3’

Question 53

For DNA synthesis to occur, you need a region of double stranded DNA and a:

Answer 53

Free 3’ hydroxyl group

Question 54

DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strand in what direction?

Answer 54

5’ - 3’

Question 55

DNA polymerase requires a _______ and a strand to build off of with a ______.

Answer 55

Template strand; free 3’ OH group

Question 56

DNA polymerase contains _____ polymerase activity and a ______ exonuclease activity

Answer 56

5’-3’ polymerase activity 3’-5’ exonuclease activity

Question 57

The free 3’ hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose will form a _____ bond with the next deoxyribose nucleoside triphosphate

Answer 57

Phosphodiester bond

Question 58

The high fidelity of DNA replication requires:

Answer 58

Proofreading mechanism

Question 59

The High fidelity refers to:

Answer 59

A pairing to T and C to G correctly without error

Question 60

DNA polymerase are a _____ enzyme that remove their own polymerization errors

Answer 60

Self-correcting enzyme

Question 61

DNA polymerase have a 3’-5’ ______ activity during DNA synthesis

Answer 61

Exonuclease activity

Question 62

If the incorrect base gets put in, it will create a ____ that gets removed by the 3’-5’ exonuclease activity which will leave a _____ to basepair with the correct base.

Answer 62

Bulge, free 3’ hydroxyl group

Question 63

DNA synthesis starts at ____ regions known as origins of replication.

Answer 63

AT rich

Question 64

It’s important that the origins of replication are AT rich because:

Answer 64

They have weaker bonds making them easier to separate

Question 65

Origins of replication form:

Answer 65

Replication forks

Question 66

Daughter strand that is synthesized continuously, toward the replication fork

Answer 66

Leading strand

Question 67

Daughter strand that is synthesized discontinuously, away from the replication fork

Answer 67

Lagging strand

Question 68

DNA synthesis begins following DNA ____ and RNA _____ at replication origins.

Answer 68

Unwinding and RNA primer Synthesis

Question 69

The RNA primers that come into the newly opened up area of double stranded DNA provide:

Answer 69

A double stranded template w free 3’ hydroxyl group

Question 70

What strand do Okazaki fragments get made on:

Answer 70

Lagging strand

Question 71

begins with synthesis ion a short RNA primer by a special nucleotide-polymerizing enzyme

Answer 71

The lagging strand of DNA synthesis

Question 72

The enzyme that creates the short RNA primers made up on the lagging strand using DNA as a template

Answer 72

DNA primase

Question 73

Unlike DNA polymerase, the DNA primase __________ by joining two nucleoside triphosphates together

Answer 73

Can start a new polynucleotide chain

Question 74

The primase synthesizes a short polynucleotide in the 5’ to 3’ direction and then stops, making the 3’ end of the primer available for the ________ to produce the Okazaki fragment.

Answer 74

DNA polymerase

Question 75

What is responsible for moving the RNA primers (about 10 nucleotides in length)

Answer 75

5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase

Question 76

What joins the Okazaki fragments together?

Answer 76

DNA ligase

Question 77

Explain the energy of the lagging strand

Answer 77

Energetically costly

Question 78

THe DNA ligase uses _____ for energy

Answer 78

ATP hydrolysis

Question 79

Only changes accumulated in the _____ can be inherited.

Answer 79

Gametes

Question 80

A protein that uses the hydrolysis of ATP to change the shape of the protein and move rapidly along the DNA strand and if encountering a region of double stranded helix, it will pry the helix apart

Answer 80

DNA helicase

Question 81

Single Strand DNA binding protein bind to the exposed strand of DNA and aid the helicase by:

Answer 81

Stabilizing the unwound helix (to avoid them from repairing together)

Question 82

Single strand DNA binding proteins can also be referred to as:

Answer 82

Helix-destabilizing proteins

Question 83

There are some anchoring proteins that are responsible for holding the DNA polymerase to the replication fork and allow it to move along as the DNA unwinds.

Answer 83

DNA sliding clamp/ sliding ring

Question 84

DNA ligase works

Answer 84

Distally from all the other molecules

Question 85

Premature aging disease with respect to DNA replication

Answer 85

Werner syndrome

Question 86

Individuals with Werner’s syndrome cells either:

Answer 86

Divide more slowly or stop dividing at all

Question 87

Werner syndrome is caused by a mutation in the:

Answer 87

DNA Helicase