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INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES Flashcards

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1
Q

these prevent the entry of pathogens into the body (cuticle, shell, scales, skin, etc.)

A

PHYSICAL BARRIERS

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2
Q

these have mechanisms that expel, trap or destroy pathogens

A

EPITHELIAL LININGS

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3
Q

these linings produce antimicrobial peptides (DEFENSINS), MUCIN from mucus, and LYSOZYME found in tears to destroy foreign materials

A

EPITHELIAL LININGS

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4
Q

epithelial linings produce antimicrobial peptides (_________), _____ from mucus, and _________ found in tears to destroy foreign materials

A

DEFENSINS; MUCIN; LYSOZYME

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5
Q

mucus, tears and urine flush _______ out of the body

A

PATHOGENS

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6
Q

these are PRRs which activate transcription factors that stimulate the expression of important signaling molecules, such as CYTOKINES

A

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRs)

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7
Q

these can recognize both invading pathogens and endogenous danger molecules released from dying cells and damaged tissues and play a key role in linking innate and adaptive immunity

A

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRs)

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8
Q

a large and diverse group of polypeptides and glycoproteins that serves as signaling molecules and perform regulatory functions

A

CYTOKINES

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9
Q

these help regulate the intensity and duration of the immune response as well as cell growth, repair and cell activation

A

CYTOKINES

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10
Q

these bind to membrane receptors on target cells

A

CYTOKINES

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11
Q

_________ affect the cells that produce them while _________ affects nearby cells except its producer cell

A

AUTOCRINE AGENTS;

PARACRINE AGENTS

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12
Q

4 TYPES OF CYTOKINES

A

INTERFERONS
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR
INTERLEUKINS
CHEMOKINES

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13
Q

this type of cytokines responds to viruses or other intracellular parasites and has many types

A

INTERFERONS

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14
Q

2 MAIN TYPES OF INTERFERON

A

TYPE I INTERFERON

TYPE II INTERFERON

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15
Q

this type of interferon is produced by macrophages or fibroblasts, which inhibit viral replication and activate antiviral NK cells

A

TYPE I INTERFERON

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16
Q

this type of interferon stimulates the macrophages to destroy tumors and infected cells

A

TYPE II INTERFERON

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17
Q

this type of interferon activate the transcription of enzymes needed to produce antimicrobial compounds in lysosomes

A

TYPE II INTERFERON

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18
Q

this type of cytokine is released in response to gram-negative bacteria, some pathogens and tumors

A

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR

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19
Q

this type of cytokine is secreted by the MACROPHAGES and T CELLS

A

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR

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20
Q

this type of cytokine stimulates immune cells to initiate inflammatory responses

A

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR

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21
Q

this type of cytokine acts on the hypothalamus and induce fever

A

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR

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22
Q

severe infection results in the release of large amounts of these, resulting to a condition known as SEPTIC SHOCK

A

TNF and CYTOKINES

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23
Q

severe infection results in the release of large amounts of TNF and CYTOKINES, resulting to a condition known as what

A

SEPTIC SHOCK

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24
Q

this type of cytokine is a diverse group of cytokines that are primarily secreted by MACROPHAGES and LYMPHOCYTES

A

INTERLEUKINS

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25
this type of cytokine regulates the interaction between white blood cells and other cells
INTERLEUKINS
26
2 MAIN TYPES OF INTERLEUKINS
INTERLEUKIN-1 (IL-1) | INTERLEUKIN-12 (IL-12)
27
this type of interleukin, together with the TNF, mediate inflammation and can cause fever
INTERLEUKIN-1 (IL-1)
28
this type of interleukin stimulates NK cells and T cells to produce IFN-γ (INTERFERON GAMMA)
INTERLEUKIN-12 (IL-12)
29
this type of cytokine is a large group of cytokines that signal molecules to attract, activate, and guide the various cells of the immune system
CHEMOKINES
30
this type of cytokine regulates the migration of white blood cells from the blood to the tissues
CHEMOKINES
31
this type of cytokine has some of them produced in response to infection and are mediators of the inflammatory response
CHEMOKINES
32
4 DIFFERENT CELLS OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
NEUTROPHILS MACROPHAGES NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS DENDRITIC CELLS
33
these cells of the innate immune system are the most common white blood cell
NEUTROPHILS
34
these cells of the innate immune system defend the body by eating (PHAGOCYTOSIS) bacteria
NEUTROPHILS
35
these cells of the innate immune system are large phagocytic cells that developed from MONOCYTES
MACROPHAGES
36
these cells of the innate immune system can patrol the tissues of the body while some stays in one place, such as the alveoli of the lungs
MACROPHAGES
37
these cells of the innate immune system have TLRs (toll-like receptors) that recognize certain PAMPs and when stimulated, prompts the release of CYTOKINES
MACROPHAGES
38
MACROPHAGES develop from what cells?
MONOCYTES
39
these cells of the innate immune system are large granular lymphocytes that account for about 10% of lymphocytes
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
40
these cells of the innate immune system target the tumor cells and cells that are infected with viruses
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
41
these cells of the innate immune system are flexible as they also destroy cells that are targeted by both innate and adaptive immune responses
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
42
these cells of the innate immune system produce some enzymes that cause pores (PERFORINS) to form in the plasma membrane of the target cell while some injects enzymes that trigger APOPTOSIS
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
43
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS produce some enzymes that cause pores (called _____) to form in the plasma membrane of the target cell while some injects enzymes that trigger __________
PERFORINS; | APOPTOSIS
44
several cytokines stimulate these cells' activity
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
45
which cells' activity can be suppressed by psychological stress
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
46
these cells of the innate immune system are immune cells that are characterized with long cytoplasmic extensions
DENDRITIC CELLS
47
these cells of the innate immune system develop from precursor cells in the bone marrow and from monocytes
DENDRITIC CELLS
48
DENDRITIC CELLS develop from ________ in the bone marrow and from _______
precursor cells; | monocytes
49
these cells of the innate immune system are found in all tissues that come into contact with the environment
DENDRITIC CELLS
50
these cells of the innate immune system are strategically located at areas which are easily accessible by pathogens such as epithelial linings of the digestive tract, respiratory pathways, vaginal and urinal passageways
DENDRITIC CELLS
51
these cells of the innate immune system, if activated by PAMPs (when pathogens infect tissues), produce INTERFERONS, an antiviral cytokines, during viral infection
DENDRITIC CELLS
52
DENDRITIC CELLS, if activated by PAMPs (when pathogens infect tissues), produce __________, an antiviral cytokines, during viral infection
INTERFERONS
53
these cells of the innate immune system, when activated, some capture microbial antigens by PHAGOCYTOSIS or by RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
DENDRITIC CELLS
54
o some activated dendritic cells capture microbial antigens by ________ or by __________________
PHAGOCYTOSIS; | RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
55
this is a system of different proteins (>20 distinct proteins) in the blood that can complement each other, initiating a cascade of reaction that can kill the pathogen and or signal other immune cells
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
56
this system activates PHAGOCYTES and guide them towards the pathogen, then the phagocytes secrete cytokines to activate other complement proteins
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
57
complement proteins are (SPECIFIC or NONSPECIFIC?)
NONSPECIFIC
58
these coat pathogens and act as a signal to macrophages and neutrophils in the complement system
LYSED BACTERIA
59
these bind to KEY RECEPTORS to induce the secretion of regulatory molecules and enhance inflammatory response in the complement system
LYSED BACTERIA
60
one of the body’s key responses to infection, its clinical characteristics are EDEMA (swelling), heat, redness, and pain
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
61
during inflammation, tissues at the site of injury initiates how many different interconnected molecular cascades?
three
62
cytokines signal white blood cells to launch this response and help its regulation
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
63
when the inflammatory response starts, the __________ is also initiated
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
64
this is a common clinical symptom of widespread inflammation, helps the body fight infection
FEVER
65
an elevated body temperature increases ___________ and interferes with the _______________ of microorganisms
PHAGOCYTOSIS; | growth and replication
66
through this, LYSOSOMES are broken down, destroying virus-infected cells
FEVER
67
FEVER breaks down ___________, destroying virus-infected cells
LYSOSOMES
68
this promotes the activity of certain lymphocytes
FEVER
69
this occurs when homeostatic mechanisms that turn off the inflammatory response do not function appropriately
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
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examples of this are rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
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risk factors of this include prolonged infection, cigarette smoking, and obesity
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
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3 MAIN PROCESSES OF INFLAMMATION
VASODILATION INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS
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this process of inflammation is the widening of blood vessels
VASODILATION
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this process of inflammation is when MACROPHAGES and MAST CELLS respond rapidly to damaged tissue or infection
VASODILATION
75
in VASODILATION, these two cells respond rapidly to damaged tissue or infection
MACROPHAGES and MAST CELLS
76
this process of inflammation is when MAST CELLS release HISTAMINE, CYTOKINES, and other compounds that dilate blood vessels in the affected area
VASODILATION
77
in VASODILATION, these release HISTAMINE, CYTOKINES, and other compounds that dilate blood vessels in the affected area
MAST CELLS
78
this process of inflammation increases blood flow which warms and reddens the skin
VASODILATION
79
according to fluid dynamics, if area of the capillary _________, the speed of blood flow decreases if ______ remains constant
increases; volume
80
this process of inflammation is when HISTAMINE and other compounds released by MAST CELLS increase CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
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this process of inflammation is when fluid and antibodies leave the circulation and enter the tissues
INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
82
in increasing the capillary permeability, as volume of interstitial fluid increases, this occurs
EDEMA or swelling
83
in increasing the capillary permeability, these cause the pain that characterizes inflammation
EDEMA and the action of certain enzymes in plasma
84
this process of inflammation is when EDEMA and the action of certain enzymes in plasma cause the pain that characterizes inflammation
INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
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this process of inflammation is when increased blood flow brings large numbers of NEUTROPHILS and other phagocytic cells to the inflamed region
INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS
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increased blood flow brings large numbers of these to the inflamed region
NEUTROPHILS and other phagocytic cells
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this process of inflammation is when PHAGOCYTES migrate out of the capillaries and into the infected tissues
INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS
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this process of inflammation is when MACROPHAGES secrete chemokines and other cytokines that recruit and activate more neutrophils
INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS
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in INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS, these secrete chemokines and other cytokines that recruit and activate more neutrophils
MACROPHAGES
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in INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS, these migrate out of the capillaries and into the infected tissues
PHAGOCYTES
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the process of secreting chemokines and other cytokines by macrophages is a _______ FEEDBACK MECHANISM
POSITIVE
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BRIEFLY NARRATE THE 6 STEPS OF AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
1. bacteria invade tissue and the injury activates factors that turn on pathways that produce molecules that dilate blood vessels 2. activated macrophages and neutrophils phagocytose bacteria, then macrophages secrete cytokines 3. activated mast cells release histamine and other compounds 4. histamine and cytokines dilate blood vessels and increase capillary permeability 5. cytokines attract phagocytes to the infection site 6. increased phagocytosis

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