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Immunology & Pathogenesis > Innate Immunity: Inflammation: Part One > Flashcards

Innate Immunity: Inflammation: Part One Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytokines

A

small molecular weight, soluble proteins that function as chemical messengers and orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses

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2
Q

Who produce cytokines?

A
  • leukocytes
    • T helper
    • dendritic cells
    • macrophages
  • many other cell types (for example)
    • epithelial cells
    • endothelial cells
    • bone marrow stromal cells
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3
Q

What are the 5 cytokine types?

A
  • interleukins
  • chemokines
  • colony stimulate factor
  • interferons
  • tumor necrosis factor
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4
Q

What do interleukins do?

A

communicators between leukocytes (IL-1 – IL-35)

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5
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

control chemotaxis

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6
Q

What does colony stimulating factor (CSF) do?

A

affect hematopoiesis

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7
Q

what do interferons do?

A
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8
Q

What does tumor necrosis factor do?

A
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9
Q

autocrine

A

cytokines affect the same cell that secretes them

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10
Q

paracrine

A

cytokines affect another local cell

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11
Q

endocrine

A

cytokines affect cells in different parts of the body via blood or lymph

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12
Q

pleiotropy

A

cytokines that affect multiple cell types

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13
Q

redundancy

A

cytokines that affect the same cell BUT you only need one to function

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14
Q

synergy

A

cytokines that work on the same cell AND you require them together to function

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15
Q

antagonism

A

cytokines that have opposite affects

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16
Q

TNF function

A
  • pro-inflammatory cytokine
    • increase NK cytotoxicity
    • increase phagocytic activation
    • increase vascular permeability
17
Q

IL-1 function

A
  • pro-inflammatory cytokine
    • increase endothelial adhesiveness
    • increase chemokine production
18
Q

IL-6 function

A
  • pro-inflammatory cytokine
    • promote monocyte recruitment
    • induces fat and muscle to metabolize to raise the local temperature
19
Q

chemokines

A
  • pro-inflammatory cytokine
    • attraction of neutrophils, monocytes, and effector T cells
20
Q

IL-10 function

A
  • anti-inflammatory cytokines
    • decrease TNF and IL-12 production
    • decrease MHC and B7 expression on macrophages
21
Q

IL-1ra

A

anti-inflammatory cytokines

22
Q

TGF-beta function

A

anti-inflammatory cytokines

23
Q

IFN-alpha and IFN-beta function

A

inhibition of virus replication

24
Q

IFN-gamma function

A
  • macrophage-activating cytokine
    • enhance phagocytic cells ability
25
Q

IL-4 function

A

B cell activating cytokine

26
Q

IL-5 function

A

B cell activating cytokine

27
Q

IL-6 function

A

B cell activating cytokine

28
Q

IL-21 function

A

B cell activating cytokine

29
Q

IL-2 function

A

T cell activating cytokines

30
Q

IL-4 function

A

T cell activating cytokines

31
Q

IL-12 function

A
  • T cell activating cytokines
    • increase IFN-gamma production by NK
    • increase NK cytotoxicity
32
Q

How does inflammation start?

A
  1. tissue WBCs (macrophages and mast cells) detect PAMPs via PRRs and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines
  2. now permeable capillaries allow antimicrobial proteins and complement proteins to enter infected tissue
  3. WBCs slowed by adhesion molecules expressed by vascular endothelium
  4. neutrophils enter infected tissue and are guided by CXCL8 gradient
  5. phagocytosis, repair, clotting downstream
  6. neutrophils die quickly but macrophages last longer
33
Q

histamine

A
  • increase vascular permeability
  • increase vasodilation
34
Q

C3a

A
  • increase vascular permeability
  • increase vasodilation
35
Q

C5a

A
  • increase vascular permeability
  • increase vasodilation
  • chemoattractant
36
Q

CXCL8

A

recruits neutrophils from the blood and guides them to the infected tissue

37
Q

How do neutrophils get to the infected tissue?

A
  • vascular endothelium express selectins
  • neutrophil’s s-Lex weakly binds to the selectin and starts rolling and slowing
  • eventually the neutrophil’s LFA-1 binds to the endothelium’s ICAM-1
  • this allows the neutrophil’s CXCL8 receptor to bind to the CXCL8 and be drawn between cells into the tissue
  • the neutrophil follows the CXCL8 to the infection source
38
Q

3 roles of inflammation

A
  • kill
  • contain
  • repair

Immunology & Pathogenesis (13 decks)

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