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Abi Biology 2017 > Inorganic and Organic Compounds > Flashcards

Inorganic and Organic Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit that can take part in a chemical reaction

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance containing only one type of atom

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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A substance containing bonded atoms

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more elements chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio

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5
Q

What are two types of compounds?

A

Inorganic

Organic

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6
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Origin in living organisms

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7
Q

How do you identify organic compounds?

A

Will contain Carbon

Usually large, complex molecules

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8
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Do not have their origins in organisms

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9
Q

How do you identify inorganic compounds?

A

Rarely contain Carbon

Are much simpler and smaller

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10
Q

What kind of compound is water?

A

Inorganic

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11
Q

What kind of forces does water have?

A

Cohesion

Adhesion

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12
Q

What are cohesion forces in terms of water?

A

The force that exists between two water molecules

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13
Q

What are adhesion forces?

A

The force existing between water molecules and other molecules

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14
Q

What is a hydrophilic substance?

A

A substance that is attracted to water

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15
Q

What is a hydrophobic substance?

A

A substance that is not attracted to water

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16
Q

What kind of substances are hydrophilic?

A

Sucrose

Table salts

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17
Q

What substances are hydrophobic?

A

Fats

Oils

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18
Q

What are some functions of water in the body?

A 
Solvent
Medium in which chemical reactions occur
Reagent during hydrolysis
Transporting agent
Lubricant
Regulates body temperature
Gives shape and rigidity
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19
Q

What kind of compounds are minerals?

A

Inorganic

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20
Q

What are minerals used for?

A

Assist in the normal functioning of cells
Metabolic processes
General well-being

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21
Q

What are the two types of nutrients?

A

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

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22
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Nutrients needed in large quantities

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23
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Nutrients that are not needed in large quantities

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24
Q

What are the four main organic compounds?

A

Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids

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25
What carbohydrate does your body use for energy?
Glucose
26
What property of Carbon enables large organic compounds?
Can make four bonds
27
What elements do carbohydrates have?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
28
What ratio are carbohydrates in?
1:2:1 C:H:O
29
What is a monosaccharide?
A carbohydrate that has only one saccharide molecule
30
What is a disaccharide?
A carbohydrate that has two saccharide molecules
31
What is a polysaccharide?
A carbohydrate that has more than two saccharide molecules
32
What kind of saccharide is starch?
A polysaccharide
33
What are the three types of monosaccharides?
Glucose Fructose Galactose
34
What is formed when glucose combines with glucose?
Maltose
35
What is formed when glucose bonds with fructose?
Sucrose
36
What is formed when glucose combines with galactose?
Lactose
37
What kind of saccharide is glycogen?
Polysaccharide
38
What is glycogen made of?
Glucose
39
What does insulin do?
It helps to transform glucose into glycogen
40
What is it called when two monosaccharide sugars bond?
A glycosidic bond
41
What does a monosaccharide look like?
Six Carbon atoms bonded in a ring
42
What are the three main types of polysaccharides?
Starch Glycogen Cellulose
43
What are the two types of lipids?
Fats | Oils
44
What is the ratio of a lipid?
C:H:O 1:>2:1
45
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
46
What is a non-polar solvent?
A solvent that lipids are soluble in
47
What is a common lipid molecule?
Triglyceride
48
What is the composition of triglyceride?
A glycerol head | Three fatty acid tails
49
What is the composition of a saturated lipid?
It is saturated with hydrogen= no hydrogen can be added | It has single bonds
50
What is the composition of an unsaturated fat?
There are double bonds in the fatty acid chain= another hydrogen can be added
51
Which lipid is good for you?
Unsaturated- your body can break it down
52
Where can you find saturated fats?
In animal origin- butter, animal fat, lard and beeswax
53
What state is saturated fat in at room temperature?
Solid
54
What is high cholesterol?
It is when someone takes in too much saturated fat
55
Why is high cholesterol bad?
Thrombosis | It clogs blood vessels
56
What are unsaturated lipids?
Oils
57
What are oils?
They are usually liquid at room temperature
58
What are the best kinds of unsaturated fats?
Poly-unsaturated fats | Many double bonds
59
What are examples of unsaturated fats?
Olive oil | Cod-liver oil
60
What are the functions of fat?
``` Insulation Shock absorber Reserve energy source Absorb vitamins (fat soluble vitamins) Used to make hormones Water proofing Structure Source of water ```
61
What are the two types of cholesterol?
LDL | HDL
62
What is cholesterol?
A combination of lipids and proteins
63
Which type of cholesterol is healthy?
HDL | It has more protein than fat
64
What type of cholesterol is unhealthy?
LDL | It has more lipids than protein
65
Why is high cholesterol bad?
It can clog the coronary artery
66
Why is a blockage in a coronary artery a bad thing?
It prevents oxygen from reaching the heart, so it cannot function
67
What will doctors do to try and get rid of a clot?
Break it up with a laser Add a stent- a kind of jack which keeps the artery open Bypass- take another blood vessel and make it go around the clot
68
What is atherosclerosis?
A heart disease caused by LDL cholesterol | This cholesterol narrows the coronary artery
69
What elements are proteins made of?
``` Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen May sometimes have: Sulphur, Phosphorous and Iron ```
70
What kind of molecule is a protein?
A polymer
71
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Saccharides
72
What are the building blocks of lipids?
Glycerol | Fatty acids
73
What are the building blocks of protein?
Amino acids
74
How many types of amino acids are there?
Twenty
75
Why are proteins so important?
They are in enzymes, which are responsible for all of the chemical reactions in the body
76
What is the basic structure of a protein?
It has two groups: Amino group Acid group
77
What is the bond between saccharides called?
Glycosidic bond
78
What is a bond between amino acids called?
A peptide bond
79
What is a dipeptide?
Two amino acids bonded
80
What is a tripeptide?
Three amino acids bonded
81
What is a polypeptide?
More than three amino acids bonded
82
What kind of polypeptide forms a protein?
Has to have fifty or more amino acids
83
What kind of structure does a string of amino acids form?
A 3D structure
84
What determines the function of a protein?
The structure of the protein
85
What happens when you get a fever?
The increased heat causes your proteins to denature
86
What happens when proteins denature?
Their 3D structure collapses
87
Where do you get amino acids from?
From what you eat
88
What does it mean if something is polar?
It is hydrophilic | It does have a charge
89
What does it mean if something is nonpolar?
It does not have a charge | It is hydrophobic
90
What are the functions of proteins?
``` Structural component Building materials Assists in the permeability of cell membranes Source of reserve energy Hormones Gaseous transport in the blood Protection against disease Chromosomes Control pH Enzymes ```
91
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst (made from proteins) that controls the rate of chemical reactions within the body, without taking part in these reactions
92
What is a catalyst?
Something that speeds up a chemical reaction without taking part in it
93
What are the two types of enzymatic reactions?
``` Condensation synthesis (anabolic) Hydrolysis (catabolic) ```
94
What is a condensation synthesis reaction?
A reaction where a polymer is made Energy is required A water molecule is released during this reaction
95
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Polymers are broken down into monomers Energy is released A water molecule is needed for this reaction
96
What happens concerning water during a condensation synthesis reaction?
A water molecule is released
97
What happens concerning water during a hydrolysis reaction?
Water is needed
98
What else can an enzyme do?
Control the rate of a chemical reaction
99
What can stop an enzyme from working?
An incorrect pH | An incorrect temperature
100
What determines the function of an enzyme?
The structure of it
101
What model explains how an enzyme works?
The lock and key model
102
What is a substrate?
The reactant in an enzymatic chemical reaction
103
What is a product?
The substance left at the end of an enzymatic reaction
104
What happens during an enzymatic reaction?
The enzyme has a particular shape The substrate only fits into one type of enzyme It forms an enzyme-substrate-complex A chemical reaction occurs The product is released The enzyme remains unchanged and is free to react with another substrate
105
What is another name for a condensation synthesis reaction?
Anabolic
106
What is another name for hydrolysis?
A catabolic reaction
107
What is an active site?
The place where a substrate fits into the enzyme
108
What are co-enzymes?
Non-protein organic partners | They are loosely bonded to the enzyme
109
Why are co-enzymes needed?
They are also catalysts
110
What are examples of enzymes in everyday life?
Washing powder Pineapple (meat tenderiser) Papaya (meat tenderiser) Lactose-free milk (remove the lactose)
111
What happens when enzymes get too cold?
They become inactive
112
What happens when enzymes become inactive?
The bonds become stiff, and the enzymes cannot move
113
What theory explains how an enzyme works?
The lock and key theory
114
What suffix indicates that something is an enzyme?
-ase
115
What enzyme breaks down maltose?
Maltase
116
What enzyme breaks down sucrose?
Sucrase
117
How many chromosomes do you have in each cell?
23 pairs | 46
118
What is the structure of DNA?
A double helix
119
What is the building block of DNA?
Nucleotide
120
What is the structure of RNA?
A single helix
121
What are the two types of nucleic acid?
RNA | DNA
122
What are the elements that make up nucleic acid?
``` Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus ```
123
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
124
What are the four nucleotides that make up your DNA?
A T C G
125
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
126
Who are the two scientists that discovered the structure of DNA?
Watson | Crick
127
What does DNA do?
Carries hereditary information Controls the structure of a cell Controls the function of the cell
128
What are nucleotides made of?
Sugar Phosphate Base
129
Which nucleotides bond to which?
A bonds to T | G bonds to C
130
What is the backbone of a DNA strand?
A sugar-phosphate
131
What kinds of compounds are vitamins?
They are neither organic nor inorganic
132
What are the three main functions of vitamins?
Co-enzymes in reactions Regulate metabolism Assist in cell tissue growth and differentiation
133
Why can we say that vitamins are neither organic nor inorganic?
They can be produced by the body in some cases, but do not always contain Carbon
134
What are the two types of vitamins?
Fat soluble | Water soluble
135
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
A D E K
136
Which vitamins are dangerous? (due to overdoses)
Fat soluble, since they can not be excreted easily
137
Where does vitamin D come from?
Food, but this is an inactive kind of Vitamin D
138
What activates Vitamin D?
Sunlight
139
What does vitamin E do?
It prevents oxidants
140
Why is Vitamin E in anti-aging products?
When cells age, they release oxidants | Vitamin E prevents it
141
What is haemorrhage?
A Vitamin E or Vitamin K deficiency | It means your blood is unable to clot
142
What does Vitamin K do?
It helps with blood clotting
143
What function do all B vitamins perform?
Metabolism Cognitive function Red blood cells
144
What disease is caused by a Vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
145
What does scurvy do?
Gums can bleed Teeth can fall out Wounds that do not heal Internal bleeding
146
What do the nucleotide types stand for?
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
147
What are the seven processes of life?
``` Movement Respiration Stimuli (response to) Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrition ```
148
What is a cell?
The smallest unit of life that contains cellular inclusions known organelles
149
What is a tissue?
A group of similarly differentiated cells that perform a common function
150
What is an organ?
A group of different tissues each of which performs its own function, but together performs a common function
151
How does water act as a solvent?
Almost all substances (minerals, oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products) can dissolve in water
152
How does water act as a reagent during hydrolysis?
Water breaks down polymers into their monomers
153
How does water act as a lubricant?
Water enables smoother movement in the eyes, in the alimentary canal and in the joints of the body
154
How does water regulate body temperature?
The body loses water through sweat, which evaporates and cools the body
155
How does water give shape and rigidity in the body?
Water can act as a hydrostatic skeleton in some animals | Turgid pressure in the vacuoles of plants is caused by water
156
How are mineral salts classified?
Into macro and micro elements
157
What is a macro element?
A mineral salt that is needed in large quantities
158
What is a micro element?
A mineral salt that is need in small quantities
159
What are four examples of macro elements?
Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium
160
Why is calcium (Ca) important?
Builds strong bones and teeth Necessary for blood coagulation Plays a role in the permeability of cell membranes Plays a role in muscle contraction and the transmission of nerve impulses
161
What can a deficiency in Calcium cause?
Rickets Osteomalacia Osteoporosis It can cause weak root growth in plants
162
What is the function of Phosphorous (P)?
Builds strong bones and teeth Component of ATP Component in DNA and RNA Part of phospholipids
163
What can a deficiency of Phosphorous cause?
This is seldom in humans | In plants, it can cause stunted plant growth
164
What is the function of Sodium (Na)?
Maintaining water balance in the body The functioning of nerves and muscle contraction Controls the rhythm of the heart
165
What does a deficiency of sodium cause?
Muscle cramps in humans
166
What is the function of Potassium (K)?
Water balance Facilitates the functioning of muscles and nerves Helps to regulate heart rhythm Necessary to activate plant enzymes
167
What does a deficiency of potassium cause?
Seldom occurs in humans | In plants, yellow and brown leaf margins
168
What are two examples of micro elements?
Iron and iodine
169
What is the function of Iron (Fe)?
Formation of haemoglobin | Helps to form chlorophyll molecules in plants
170
What does a deficiency of iron cause?
Anaemia | Chlorosis (yellowing of leaves)
171
What is the function of Iodine (I)?
Component in thyroxin
172
What does a deficiency in Iodine cause?
Goitre (swelling of the neck or larynx)
173
What are two other minerals?
Phosphate ions | Nitrate ions
174
Why are phosphates and nitrates different from other minerals?
They are compounds, whereas the others are elements
175
What is the function of phosphate ions?
Main source of Phosphorous in plants
176
What is the function of nitrate ions?
Needed for protein synthesis Forms the nucleotides for DNA and RNA Needed for synthesis of chlorophyll in plants
177
What does a deficiency in nitrate ions cause?
Kwashiorkor
178
What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor?
Stunted growth in humans | Chlorosis in plants, where the leaves become yellow because of a lack of chlorophyll
179
What does algal bloom cause?
The sunlight is blocked from other photosynthesising plants, which results in the death of many water based plants
180
What does the increased death of water based plants cause?
An increase in bacteria, which is needed to decompose the dead matter
181
What does the decomposition process cause?
A depletion of oxygen
182
What is eutrophication?
The increase of phosphates, and thereby algae, and thereby dead plants, and thereby bacteria which eventually results in a depletion of oxygen in a body of water.
183
What is a saccharide?
A ring-like structure that forms carbohydrates
184
What are sugars?
Carbohydrates that are water soluble and taste sweet
185
What kind of carbohydrates are sugars?
Mono- and di- saccharides
186
Are polysaccharides soluble in water?
No
187
Give three examples of polysaccharides
Cellulose Starch Glycogen
188
Give three examples of monosaccharides
Glucose Fructose Galactose
189
Give three examples of disaccharides
Maltose Sucrose Lactose
190
What forms the bases for starch, glycogen and cellulose?
Glucose
191
What are the two types of glucose?
α | β
192
What is a polymer?
Large molecules that are made up of long chains of single units
193
What are monomers?
The single units that polymers are made up of
194
What is the function of starch?
It is the way in which glucose is stored in a plant
195
Which chemical reaction involves the breaking down of starch?
Respiration
196
What is glycogen?
The way in which excess glucose is stored in the liver of humans and animals
197
What is the function of cellulose?
Forms the structural component of plant cell walls
198
What is the importance and function of carbohydrates in animals and plants?
Source of energy, both reserve and immediate | Structural component
199
How are carbohydrates a source of energy?
Glucose is broken down to release energy in cells
200
How are carbohydrates a source of reserve energy?
Starch and glycogen can be stored as sources of glucose without affecting the water potential of the cells, since they are insoluble in water
201
What substance is used to test for the presence of glucose?
Benedict's solution
202
What colour does Benedict's solution turn in glucose?
Orange-red
203
What colour is Benedict's solution usually?
Blue
204
What substance is used to test for the presence of starch?
Iodine
205
How does Iodine show the presence of starch?
Changes from orange-brown to blue-black
206
What are the building blocks of lipids?
Glycerol | Fatty acids
207
What is the structure of a lipid like?
One glycerol head | Three fatty acid chains
208
What are the properties of lipids?
Insoluble in water Soluble in ether and alcohol Hydrophobic
209
What are saturated fats used for?
To synthesise cholesterol
210
How is fat used as insulating material?
It does not conduct heat well
211
How do fats assist in the structure of cells?
They form a component in the cell membrane
212
What is a phospholipid?
A lipid in which one of the fatty aid groups is replaced by a phosphate group
213
How do lipids help with waterproofing?
They are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water
214
How do lipids help with the absorption of vitamins?
Some vitamins can only be dissolved in fats
215
How are lipids a source of water?
When broken down, water molecules are released
216
How are fats tested for?
Using ether
217
How does ether show the presence of fat?
Since fats are soluble in ether, when the ether evaporates, a translucent greasy stain is left behind
218
What are molecules that can be present in amino acids?
Phosphorous Sulphur Iron
219
What determines the type of protein made?
The sequence and type of amino acids
220
What can cause proteins to denature?
Temperature | pH
221
How are proteins a structural component?
They make up protoplasm | They are also part of the structure of the cell membrane
222
How are proteins building materials?
Myosin in muscles Collagen in bone Chondrin in cartilage Keratin in the hair, skin and nails
223
How do proteins help in the permeability of the cell membrane?
Proteins act as carrier molecules
224
How are proteins a source of reserve energy?
Amino acids can be broken down into glucose, which is used for energy However, urea is also released, which can be toxic, so the body will only use proteins for energy in emergencies
225
How are proteins used for gaseous transport?
Haemoglobin, which is responsible for this, is a protein
226
How do proteins protect the body against diseases?
Antibodies are proteins that respond to antigens
227
How do proteins help with chromosomes?
Histone is a protein which helps to give structure to DNA
228
How do proteins regulate pH?
They are able to release or pick up hydrogen atoms as needed
229
How are proteins tested for?
With the Biuret test: | A mixture of copper-sulphate solution and sodium-hydroxide solution
230
How does this mixture show the presence of proteins?
If it remains blue, then no proteins are present | If proteins are present, then it will turn purple/violet
231
How does an enzyme speed up a chemical reaction?
It lowers the activation energy of the reaction
232
What enzyme is needed for the breaking down of lactose?
Lactase
233
What enzyme is needed for the breaking down of starch (amylose)?
Amylase
234
What enzyme is needed to break down lipids into glycerol and its fatty acids?
Lipase
235
What enzyme is needed to break down proteins into smaller peptides?
Protease
236
What is optimum temperature?
The temperature at which an enzyme functions best
237
When an enzyme denatures, is it permanent?
Yes
238
When an enzyme becomes inactive, is it permanent?
No
239
What is the general shape of enzymes?
They are spherical proteins
240
What is the function of RNA?
Assist in protein synthesis to ensure that the amino acids bind to one another in the sequence dictated by the DNA
241
What does a lack of vitamins cause?
A deficiency
242
Where can Vitamin A be found?
Yellow vegetables Fish oil Liver Egg yolk
243
Where can Vitamin B1 be found?
Brown rice Whole grain bread Yeast Legumes
244
Where can Vitamin C be found?
Citrus fruit Tomatoes Guavas Green, leafy vegetables
245
Where can Vitamin D be found?
Oily fish Egg yolk Liver Milk
246
Where can Vitamin E be found?
Leafy vegetables Sunflower seeds Whole grain Wheat germ
247
What does a deficiency in Vitamin A cause?
Night-blindness (poor vision in dim light) | Xerophthalmia (dry corneas)
248
What does a deficiency in Vitamin B1 cause?
Beri-beri (nervous disorder)
249
What does a deficiency in Vitamin D cause?
Rickets (rachitis) -soft bones and a malformed skeleton
250
What does a deficiency in Vitamin E cause?
``` One is rare Neurological problems (poor transmission of nerve impulses) ```
251
What kind of structure is a monosaccharide?
A single ring structure
252
What are fertilisers?
A combination of mineral salts (Nitrogen, phosphates and potassium) that is added to soil in the process of farming
252
Why are fertilisers needed?
When crops are grown and harvested regularly, the soil becomes depleted of nutrients
252
What happens to fertilisers in the event of heavy rain?
They are washed into rivers and dams
252
What is algal bloom?
When the increased amount of phosphates in bodies of water causes a growth of algae

Abi Biology 2017 (57 decks)

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