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Physical Diagnosis > Inspection Exam > Flashcards

Inspection Exam Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

BMI values

A

below 18.5 - underweight
18.5-24.9 - normal
25-29.9 - overweight
above 30 - obese

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2
Q

what is endomorph body type

A

large obese round

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3
Q

what is mesomorph body type

A

middle built muscle

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4
Q

what is ectomorph body type

A

small thin skinny

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5
Q

what is the characteristics of metabolic syndrome

A

large waist or central obesity

increase triglycerides

decrease HDL

increase blood pressure

elevating fasting blood sugar or insulin resistance

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6
Q

what is a flat lesion less than 1 cm

what is a flat lesion greater than 1 cm

A

macule

patch

ex. freckles, measles, flat moles

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7
Q

what is a solid raised lesion that is less than 1 cm

what is a solid raised lesion that is larger than 1 cm

A

papule

plaque

ex. lichen planus, warts, scabies

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8
Q

what is a solid lesion that is deeply root that is 1-2 cm

what is a solid lesion that is deeply rooted that is greater than 2 cm

A

nodule

tumor

ex. lipomas

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9
Q

what is a raised lesion that is filled with clear fluid that is less than 1 cm?

what is a raised lesion that is filled with clear fluid that is greater than 1 cm?

what is a raised lesion that is filled with pus?

A

vesicle
ex. herpes zoster, ckickenpox

bullae
ex. blister

pustule
ex. acne

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10
Q

what is edema in the upper epidermis referred as?

A

wheal

ex. insect bite or allergic reaction

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11
Q

what is permanent dilatation of superficial blood vessels in the skin called

A

telangiectasia

ex. crest syndrome

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12
Q

what are flakes or plates of the skin made up of desquamated layers of the stratum corneum

A

scales

ex. seborrheic dermatitis

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13
Q

what is drying of the plasma or exudate on the skin called

A

crust

ex. scab, abrasion, eczema

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14
Q

what are open areas of the skin where all the epidermis is lost

A

erosions

ex. varicella after rupture

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15
Q

what is thickening of the epidermis seen with exaggeration of normal skin lines due to chronic rubbing or scratching leading to thick leather skin

A

lichenification

ex. chronic dermatitis

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16
Q

what is traumatized skin that extends into the epidermis called

A

excoriations

ex. abrasions, scratches

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17
Q

what are linear cleavages of skin which extend into the dermis called

A

fissues

ex. athletes foot, cracks in corner of mouth

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18
Q

what is permanent fibrotic changes following damage to the dermis

A

scars

ex. healed wounds, surgical incision

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19
Q

what is exaggerated connective tissue response of injured skin that extends beyond the edges of the original wound

A

keloid

ex. surgery

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20
Q

what is chloasma

A

abnormal shaped brown spots or spot on the face

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21
Q

what presents as dark sports over the buccal mucosa, skin folds, and stretch marks

A

addisons disease

- hypocortisolism

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22
Q

what presents with purple stria on belly and extremities

A

cushings disease

- hypercortisolism

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23
Q

what is a condition is characterized by the skins destruction of pigment cells aka melanocytes which results in irregular white patches

A

vitilligo

  • affects all races
  • 10-30 years old
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24
Q

what flat macules are hyperpigmented and can have varying border shapes

A

cafe au lait spots

ex. mcune albright syndrome, fibrous dysplasia, neurofibromatosis (vonreckinghausens dz)

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25
adrenal anatomy review each layer
``` cortex (endocrine) go fuck rob zona granulosa- salt zona fasiculata - sugar zona reticularis - secx ``` salt - mineral corticoids ex. aldosterone sugar - glucocorticoids ex. cortisol sex - hormone precursors ex. DHEA and pregnenolone medulla (neuroendocrine) ex. adrenaline/epinephrine
26
what are features of hyperadrenalism
CUSHINGS DZ ``` weight gain truncal obesity moon face buffalo hump hypertension dysglycemia frequent infections decrease immunity affects T4-->T3 conversion purple stria hirsuitism - face, back head baldness depression ```
27
what are the features of hypoadrenalism
ADDISONS DZ ``` low blood pressure dizziness weight loss no appetite hypoglycemia dehydration intolerance to cold fatigue and weakness pigmentation of skin ```
28
what is the function of DHEA
- sex hormone precursor - takes of estrogen production after menopause - anabolic hormone for proteins and fats - immune enhancer - improves insulin sensitivity - improves sleep ANTI - AGING HORMONE
29
what is the neuroendocrine function of the adrenals
fight and flight norepinephrine epinephrine/adrenaline ``` sympathetics increased BP, pulse increase blood glucose dilates eyes dilates bronchioles reduce GI secretions ```
30
what is general adaption syndrome
hans selye - 3 stages arousal - response to stress - fight or flight - rapid increase catecholamines - slow increase corticosteroids adaption or resistance - continued release of corticosteroids - allows system to adapt to stress long after initial fight or flight response - glucose tolerance - increase BP, thyroid hormone, and sex hormone exhaustion - burned out adrenals
31
what is pregnenolone steal
adrenal hormones are produced from cholesterol cholesterol --> pregnenolone is the first step in making hormones STRESS HORMONES (CORTISOL) ARE PRODUCED AT EXPENSE OF SEX HORMONES results in adrenal exhaustion
32
what is stage 1 and stage 3 of adrenal exhaustion or fatigue
stage 1 - increase ACTH - increase cortisol stim. - increase cortisol - pregnenolone steal - decrease DHEA - increase night time cortisol stage 3 - increase ACTH - increase cortisol stim. - decrease cortisol - pregnenolone steal - decrease DHEA - decrease night time cortisol
33
what condition is vitligo associated with
pernicious anemia graves - hyperthyroidism addisons - low cortisol
34
what condition is cafe au lait spots associated with
mccune albright syndrome (fibrous dysplasia) neurofibromatosis (von reckinghausens disease)
35
what is the difference in clinical presentation of mccune albright syndrome and von reckinghausens disease
mccune albright - fibrous dysplasia - cafe au lait sponts - irregular borders - coast of maine - precocious puberty von reckinghausens disease - neurofibromatosis - cafe au lait spots - regular borders - coast of california - systemic nodules
36
what does cyanosis or acrocyanosis suggest
CHF pneumonia acrocyanosis - lips, nose, hands, feet
37
what are the features of acromegaly
``` excess GH pituitary tumor MC weight gain hirsuitism enlargement of hands, feet, and facial bones thickening of skin joint pains ```
38
describe the varying types of tremors
rhythmic oscillations - fine - 6 or more per sec - coarse - less than 6 - static - resting - intention - action
39
what are essential involuntary movements
hands, head, voice increase with action or intention hereditary, drugs, alcohol
40
describe choreiform and the different types
rapid jerking motions restlessness appearance repetitive, jerky, dancelike, uncontrolled ex. syndenhams or huntingtons chorea
41
describe athetosis involuntary movement
slow, writhing, snake like motions
42
what is koilonychia seen in what condition
spoon shaped nails concave nails plummer vinson syndrome, IDA, hemochromatosis
43
what is clubbing seen in what condition
convexity nails Lung cancer, hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, cardiac failure, hepatic cirrhosis
44
what is schamroths sign seen in what condition
pushing dorsal side of two fingers together - nails should touch and have small window indicates clubbing - lung or heart failure
45
what are lindsays nails seen in what condition
half and half nails proximal portion white distal portion pink renal failure
46
what are mees lines
transverse white bands parallel to lunula single or multiple on each nail same position on each nail arsenic poisoning renal failure hodgkins pneumonia
47
what are terry nails seen in what condition
white bands lunula covered by white band up to 1 -2 mm from the distal border of the nail hepatic cirrhosis CHF rheumatoid arthritis
48
what are beau lines seen in what condition
transverse depression across nail plate ``` severe infection myocardial infarction hypotension shock immunosuppresive therapy severe zinc deficiency ```
49
what is oncholysis seen in what condition
separation of the distal nail psoraiasis trauma thyroid disorders
50
pitting nails are seen in what condition
psoriasis - MC eczema alopecia areata
51
splinter hemorrhages are seen in what condition
subacute bacterial endocarditis trauma SLE rheumatoid
52
what is paronychia seen in what condition
infection of the cuticle trauma is initial event
53
what is antalgic gait
gait performed to avoid or minimize pain in the back, hip, or limb
54
what is ataxic sensory gait what is it also called
tabetic gait broad base stance watches the ground slaps feet down
55
what is hemiplegic gait what is it also called
circumduction gait leg extened foot movement from pelvic tilting arm adducted
56
what is propulsion gait what is it also called
festination gait torso flexed forward, arms rigid, no arm swing, bent at the hips small steps hesitation on starting and stopping PARKINSONS
57
what is steppage gait
throws foot forward from hip and slaps foot down anterior crural muscle deficit cant dorsiflex the foot POLIOMYELITIS
58
what kind of gait is seen in parkinsons
propulsion gait | festination gait
59
what kind of gait is seen in poliomyelitis
steppage gait
60
what is staggering gait what is it also called
reeling gait cerebellar ataxia MS and alcohol
61
what is scissors gait what is it also called
spastic gait ``` spastic paralysis to adductors excessive adduction of leg in swing plantar flexion of ankle flexion of the knee adduction and IR at the hip ``` MS
62
what type of gait is seen in MS
staggering (reeling) and scissors (spastic)
63
what is waddling gait
weak pelvic muscles pregnancy and muscular dystrophy
64
what is tredelenburg gait
hip drops during gait weak gluteus or hip pathology

Physical Diagnosis (18 decks)

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